Combustion, the process of burning, is defined as a chemical reaction between a combustible reactant (the fuel) and an oxidizing agent (such as air) in order to produce heat and in most cases light while new chemical species (e.g., flue gas components) are formed. This book covers a gap on the market by providing a concise introduction to combustion. Most of the other books currently available are targeted towards the experienced users and contain too many details and/or contain knowledge at a fairly high level. This book provides a brief and clear overview of the combustion basics, suitable for beginners and then focuses on practical aspects, rather than theory, illustrated by a number of industrial applications as examples. The content is aimed to provide a general understanding of the various concepts, techniques and equipment for students at all level as well as practitioners with little or no prior experience in the field.
The authors are all international experts in the field of combustion technology and adopt here a clear didactic style with many practical examples to cover the most common solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. The associated environmental impacts are also discussed so that readers can develop an understanding of the major issues and the options available for more sustainable combustion processes.
With a foreword by Katharina Kohse-Hoinghaus
Autorentext
Maximilian Lackner has been a lecturer on combustion at Vienna University of Technology since 2005. He studied Technical Chemistry at the same university, where he also earned his PhD degree and completed his habilitation. He obtained a Global Executive MBA from LIMAK
University in Linz, Austria. Between 2004 and 2011 he held several senior positions in the petrochemical industry in Europe and Asia. He has founded four companies and is a member of the advisory board of the VDI and an advisor to the US Department of Energy.
Prof. Arpad B. Palotas is the director of the Institute of Energy and Quality Affairs, as well as the head of the Department of Combustion Technology at the University of Miskolc, Hungary. He obtained his MSc degree in Metallurgical Engineering at the University of Miskolc and an MSc in Chemical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA. Having completed his PhD studies at the University of Miskolc, he spent years as postdoctoral associate and visiting scientist at MIT and later at the University of Utah (Salt Lake City, UT, USA). At these institutions he continued his research on combustiongenerated aerosols, focusing on soot characterization as well
as on the development of fuel additives for the reduction of soot emission from aviation fuel sources.
Franz Winter is professor of Chemical Engineering at Vienna University of Technology, Austria. He is group leader and head of the Christian Doppler Laboratory for Chemical Engineering at High Temperatures at the Vienna University of Technology. He obtained his academic degrees from the Vienna University of Technology and has specialized in combustion and high temperature reaction kinetics. He has authored more than 300 scientific publications. He is chairman and reviewer on various scientific and technical advisory boards and an active member of the Combustion Institute.
Inhalt
Foreword XIII
Preface XV
1 History of Combustion 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Timetable 3
1.3 Outlook 10
1.4 Web Resources 15
References 15
2 Fuels 19
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Gaseous Fuels 19
2.2.1 Density 21
2.2.2 Specific Heat Capacity 21
2.2.3 Molar Weight 22
2.2.4 Gas Constant 23
2.2.5 Thermal Conductivity 23
2.2.6 Viscosity 23
2.2.7 Heating Values 24
2.2.8 Ignition Temperature 25
2.2.9 Ignition Limits 26
2.2.10 Laminar Flame Velocity 26
2.2.11 Wobbe Index 27
2.2.12 Methane Number 28
2.3 Liquid Fuels 29
2.3.1 Chemical and Physical Characteristics 30
2.3.2 Sulfur Content 30
2.3.3 Ash Content 31
2.3.4 Water Content 31
2.3.5 Carbon Residue 31
2.3.6 Density and Specific Gravity 31
2.3.7 Viscosity 32
2.3.8 Pour Point 32
2.3.9 Cloud Point 32
2.3.10 Flash Point 33
2.4 Solid Fuels 33
2.4.1 Origin of Solid Fuels 34
2.4.2 Biomass 35
2.4.3 Waste or Opportunity Fuels 36
2.4.4 Coal 36
2.4.5 Peat 37
2.4.6 Solid Fuels Characterization 37
2.4.7 Proximate Analysis 38
2.4.8 Ultimate Analysis 39
2.4.9 Physical Properties 41
References 41
3 Combustion Principles 43
3.1 Basic Combustion Calculations 43
3.1.1 Determination of the Quantity of Normal and Oxygenated Air Necessary for Complete Combustion 43
3.1.1.1 Air Requirement of Gaseous Fuels 43
3.1.1.2 Air Requirement for the Combustion of Liquid and Solid Fuels 45
3.1.1.3 Calculations for the Case of Oxygenated Air 47
3.1.2 Calculation of the Volume and the Composition of the Flue Gas 47
3.1.2.1 Flue Gas of Gaseous Fuels 47
3.1.2.2 Combustion Products of Liquid and Solid Fuels 48
3.1.2.3 The Effect of Oxygen Enrichment 49
3.1.2.4 Effect of Temperature and Pressure (Ideal Gas Law) 49
3.1.2.5 Determination of the Actual Excess Air Factor 50
3.1.3 Determination of the Combustion Temperature 51
3.1.4 Heating Values 55
3.1.5 Laminar Flame Velocity 56
3.2 Heat-, Mass- and Momentum Transport and Balance 57
3.2.1 Transport 57
3.2.2 Mass Transport 58
3.2.2.1 Diffusive Mass Transport 58
3.2.2.2 Convective Mass Transport 58
3.2.3 Mass Transfer 59
3.2.4 Heat Transport 60
3.2.4.1 Heat Conduction 60
3.2.4.2 Thermal Radiation 61
3.2.5 Heat Transfer 64
3.2.6 Momentum Transport 65
3.2.7 Balance 67
3.2.7.1 Mass Balance 67
3.2.7.2 Heat Balance 68
3.2.7.3 Momentum Balance 69
3.3 Elementary Reactions and Radicals 69
3.3.1 Elementary Reactions 69
3.3.2 Reaction Rates 70
3.3.3 Temperature Dependence 71
3.3.4 Collision Theory 72
3.3.5 Three-Body Reactions 73
3.3.6 Chemical Equilibrium 74
3.3.7 Gibbs Enthalpy 74
3.3.8 Radicals 75
3.3.9 Development and Analysis of a Set of Reactions 76
3.3.10 Simplification of a Set of Reactions 78
3.4 Ignition 79
3.4.1 Introduction 79
3.4.2 Autoignition 79
3.4.3 Induced Ignition 80
3.4.4 Theoretical Models for Ignition 82
3.4.5 Explosives 83
3.4.6 Flammability Limits 84
3.4.7 Minimum Ignition Energy 85
3.4.8 Quenching and Maximum Experimental Safe Gap (MESG) 85
3.4.9 pT Explosion Diagram 87
3.4.10 Ignition Delay Time 89
3.4.11 Ignitability 90
3.4.12 Octane Number 91
3.4.13 Cetane Number 92
3.4.14 Ignition in Various Combustion Devices 9...