This book presents, for the first time, a unified treatment of the quantum mechanisms of magnetic resonance, including both nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron spin resonance (ESR). Magnetic resonance is perhaps the most advanced type of spectroscopy and it is applied in biology, chemistry, physics, material science, and medicine. If applied in conjunction with spectroscopy, the imaging version of magnetic resonance has no counterpart in any type of experimental technique. The authors present explanations and applications from fundamental to advanced levels. - The authors present explanations and applications from fundamental to advanced levels - This groundbreaking volume is accompanied by software which simulates magnetic resonance phenomena
Autorentext
Michael Mehring is the director of the Physikalische Institut at the Universität Stuttgart, Germany.
Inhalt
Table of Contents
Preface
Notation
List of Graphical Symbols
1 Motivation
Spin Physics
2 A Quick Tour
2.1 Classes and Objects in Hilbert Space
2.1.1 The Class of Hilbert States
2.1.2 The Class of Spin Operators
2.1.3 The Class of Propagators
2.2 Classes and Objects in Liouville Space
2.2.1 The Class of Liouville States
2.2.2 The Class of Spin Superoperators
2.2.3 The Class of Superpropagators
3 The Objects in Hilbert Space
3.1 The Discrete Hilbert Space of Spin States
3.1.1 Zeeman States
3.1.2 Hilbert State Vectors
3.2 Operators I: Operators and Representations
3.2.1 The Two-Level System
3.2.2 The Three-Level System
3.2.3 The Multi-Level System
3.3 Operators II: Sets of Independent Operators
3.3.1 The Two-Level System
3.3.2 The Three-Level System
3.3.3 The Multi-Level System
3.4 Operators III: Rotations of Operators
3.4.1 Spin Operator Rotations
3.4.2 Tensor Operator Rotations
3.5 Operators IV: Density Operator and Density Matrix
3.5.1 Ensembles of Spin-1/2 Particles
3.5.2 Ensembles of Spin-I Particles
3.6 Operators V: Basis Changes
3.6.1 The Two-Level System
3.6.2 The Multi-Level System
3.7 Operators VI: Spin Hamiltonians
3.7.1 The Zeeman Hamiltonian
3.7.2 The Quadrupole Hamiltonian
3.8 Operators VII: Composite Spin Systems
3.8.1 Spin Operators of Two Spins I = 1/2
3.8.2 The Tensor Operators of Two Spins I = 1/2
3.8.3 The Density Operator of Two Spins I = 1/2
3.8.4 Interaction Hamiltonians of Two Spins I= 1/2
4 The Dynamics in Hubert Space
4.1 The Time Evolution
4.1.1 Object Dynamics in the Schrödinger Representation
4.1.2 Object Dynamics in the Heisenberg Representation
4.1.3 Object Dynamics in the Interaction Representation
4.2 The State Representation
4.2.1 Time-Independent Perturbation Expansion
4.2.2 Time-Dependent Perturbation Expansion
4.2.3 Product Representation
4.2.4 Magnus Expansion
4.3 Periodic Hamiltonians
4.3.1 Linearly and Circularly Polarized Excitations
4.3.2 An Introduction to the Average Hamiltonian Approach (AHA)
4.3.3 An Introduction to the Secular Averaging Approach (SAA)
4.4 Periodic Excitations
4.4.1 Fundamental Circularly Polarized Excitations
4.4.2 Linearly Polarized Excitations
5 The Objects in Liouville Space
5.1 The Liouville Space
5.1.1 Liouville States and Liouville Basis
5.1.2 Orthogonality and Completeness
5.1.3 Expectation Values
5.2 Liouville Operators I: Superoperators
5.2.1 Definition
5.2.2 Matrix Elements
5.2.3 Rotation Operations
5.3 Liouville Operators II: Composite Spin Systems
5.3.1 The Two-Spin Density Operator: Basis Operators
5.3.2 The Two-Spin Density Operator: Time Evolution
5.3.3 The Liouville Matrix
6 The Way to Magnetic Resonance
6.1 Classes, Objects, and Functions
6.1.1 Objects and Functions in Hubert Space
6.1.2 Objects and Functions in Liouville Space
6.2 Pulse Sequences
6.2.1 Pulse Sequence Operators
6.2.2 The Delta Pulse Approximation
6.2.3 The Density Matrix Before the First Pulse
6.3 Pulse Response Functions
6.3.1 Magnetic Resonance Response Functions
6.3.2 Fourier and Laplace Transformations
Magnetic Resonance
7 Spin Interactions and Spectra
7.1 Hamiltonians
7.1.1 External Interactions
7.1.2 Internal Interactions (NMR)
7.1.3 Internal Interactions (ESR)
7.2 Spectra
7.2.1 Shift Interaction Spectra
7.2.2 Quadrupolar Spectra
7.2.3 Spin-Spin Interaction Spectra
7.3 Rotations
7.3.1 Sample Rotation
7.3.2 Sample Spinning
7.3.3 Molecular Reorientation
8 Relaxation and Decoherence
8.1 Principles of Relaxation Measurements
8.1.1 The Spin-Lattice Relaxation
8.1.2 Spin-Spin Relaxation
8.1.3 Spin-Locking
8.2 Relaxation in the Rapid Motion Limit
8.2.1 Relaxation Rate and Memory Function
8.2.2 Fluctuating Local Fields
8.2.3 Relaxation Rates for Special Spin Interactions
8.2.4 Spin Fluctuations
8.3 Relaxation in the Slow Motion Limit
8.3.1 Relaxation and Memory Effects
8.3.2 Rapid Motion Limit
8.4 Models of Molecular Motion
8.4.1 Isotropie Molecular Reorientations
8.4.2 Anisotropie Molecular Reorientations
8.4.3 Discrete Jump Models
9 Spin Echos
9.1 The Hahn Echo in Inhomogeneous Fields
9.1.1 The Pulse Sequence of the Hahn Echo
9.1.2 The Response Function of the Hahn Echo
9.1.3 The Generalized Spin Echo Response Function
9.1.4 Phase Cycling
9.2 The Rotary Echo
9.2.1 The Pulse Sequence of the Rotary Echo
9.2.2 The Response Function of the Rotary FID
9.2.3 The Response Function of the Rotary Echo
9.3 The Driven Echo
9.3.1 The Pulse Sequence of the Driven Echo
9.3.2 The Response Function of the Driven Echo
9.4 The Stimulated Echo
9.4.1 Pulse Sequence and Response Function
9.4.2 The Genuine Stimulated Echo
9.5 The Quadrupolar Echo
9.5.1 The Pulse Sequence of the Quadrupolar Echo
9.5.2 The Response Function of the Quadrupolar Echo
9.5.3 The Primary Quadrupole Echo
9.5.4 Separation of Magnetic and Quadrupole Echos
9.5.5 Multiple Quadrupole Echos
9.6 The Solid Echo
9.6.1 The Pulse Sequence of the Solid Echo
9.6.2 The Response Function of the Solid Echo
9.7 The Magic Echo
9.7.1 The Magic Echo Pulse Sequence
9.7.2 The Magic Echo Condition
9.7.3 The Magic Sandwich Superpropagator
9.8 Echo Envelope Modulation
9.8.1 The Envelope Function of the Two-Pulse Echo
9.8.2 The Envelope Function of the Stimulated Echo
10 Double Resonance
10.1 Double Resonance in Three-Level Spin Systems
10.1.1 The Boltzmann Equilibrium
0.1.4 Spin Alignment
10.2 Double Resonance in Multi-Level Spin Systems
10.2.1 The «-Level Population
10.2.2 The z Magnetization
10.2.3 The Inverse Spin Temperatures
10.3 Electron Nuclear Double Resonance (ENDOR)
10.3.1 Population and Polarization Dynamics
10.3.2 Dyn…