Knee surgeons world wide have been aware that a beautifully illustrated book on diagnostic evaluation of the knee existed. What we in the English­ speaking world did not appreciate was the superb quality of the text that ac­ companied these splendid illustrations. Now, Dr. Michael Strobel and Dr. Hans-Werner Stedtfeld's work, Diagnostic Evaluation of the Knee, has been translated by Mr. Terry Telger into an English text that is clear and cogent. The authors' message is comprehensive and straight forward. They show how diagnosis of knee disorders lends itself to a disciplined, orderly thought pro­ cess based on a substantial body of scientific knowledge. This book, through effective illustrations, clarity of text and thought, and subject organization, leads the reader through the diagnostic evaluation of the knee in an enjoy­ able and unforgettable way. Some may think the diagnostic process is dead with the advent of magnetic resonance imaging. They are wrong: the diagnostic process has never been more alive, and M. Strobel and H.-W. Stedtfeld capture the excitement of modern day diagnosis through the integration of many disciplines - anato­ my, pathophysiology, general examination, special examinations, and special studies. This is the unique character of this book and why it will be a text ap­ preciated by all who care for the knee-injured patient.

Anatomy, Proprioception, and Biomechanics.- 1 Anatomy, Proprioreception, and Biomechanics.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Bony Structures.- 1.2.1 Femur.- 1.2.2 Patella.- 1.2.3 Tibia.- 1.3 Anterior Complex.- 1.3.1 Quadriceps Femoris Muscle.- 1.3.2 Medial and Lateral Retinacula.- 1.3.3 Infrapatellar Fad Pad.- 1.4 Central Complex.- 1.4.1 Anterior Cruciate Ligament.- 1.4.2 Posterior Cruciate Ligament.- 1.4.3 Anterior and Posterior Meniscofemoral Ligaments.- 1.4.4 Menisci.- 1.4.4.1 Medial Meniscus.- 1.4.4.2 Lateral Meniscus.- 1.5 Medial Complex.- 1.5.1 Medial Collateral Ligament.- 1.5.2 Medial Capsular Ligament.- 1.5.3 Posterior Oblique Ligament.- 1.5.4 Semimembranosus Muscle.- 1.5.5 Pes Anserinus.- 1.6 Posterior Complex.- 1.6.1 Posterior Capsule.- 1.6.2 Oblique Popliteal Ligament.- 1.6.3 Arcuate Popliteal Ligament.- 1.6.4 Popliteus Muscle.- 1.6.5 Gastrocnemius Muscle.- 1.7 Lateral Complex.- 1.7.1 Lateral Capsule, Lateral Capsular Ligament.- 1.7.2 Lateral Collateral Ligament.- 1.7.3 Iliotibial Tract.- 1.7.4 Biceps Femoris Muscle.- 1.8 Proprioception.- 1.8.1 Classification.- 1.8.2 Distribution of Proprioceptors in the Knee Joint.- 1.8.2.1 Anterior Cruciate Ligament.- 1.8.2.2 Medial Collateral Ligament.- 1.8.2.3 Meniscus.- 1.8.3 Therapeutic Implications.- 1.9 Biomechanics and Biometry.- 1.9.1 Basic Considerations.- 1.9.2 Analysis of an Unknown Biologic Motion System.- 1.10 Radiographic Anatomy.- 1.10.1 Anteroposterior Projection.- 1.10.2 Lateral Projection.- 1.10.3 Tangential Projection (Sunrise View).- 1.11 Congenital Anomalies and Malformations of Ligamentous Structures.- 1.12 Conclusion.- General Clinical Diagnosis.- 2 General Clinical Diagnosis.- 2.1 History.- 2.1.1 Time of Injury.- 2.1.2 Mechanism of Injury.- 2.1.3 Locking.- 2.1.4 Snapping.- 2.1.5 Pain.- 2.1.5.1 Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy.- 2.1.5.2 Pain Orginating Outside the Knee.- 2.1.5.3 Knee Pain in Children.- 2.1.5.4 Chronic Knee Pain.- 2.1.6 Giving Way.- 2.2 Inspection.- 2.2.1 Open Injuries.- 2.2.2 Effusion and Other Swelling.- 2.2.3 Muscular Atrophy.- 2.2.4 Skin Changes.- 2.2.5 Loss of Extension.- 2.2.6 Spontaneous Posterior Drawer.- 2.2.7 Limb Axis.- 2.3 Function Testing.- 2.3.1 Mobility.- 2.3.2 Rigidity Tests.- 2.3.3 Muscular Function.- 2.3.4 Sensation.- 2.3.5 Circulation.- 2.4 Palpation.- 2.4.1 Intraarticular Effusion.- 2.4.2 Extraarticular Swelling.- 2.4.3 Intraarticular Phenomena.- 2.4.4 Local Pain and Tenderness.- 2.4.4.1 Anterior Pain and Tenderness.- 2.4.4.2 Lateral Pain and Tenderness.- 2.4.4.3 Medial Pain and Tenderness.- 2.4.4.4 Posterior Pain and Tenderness.- 2.4.5 Temperature.- 2.4.6 Scars.- 2.5 Aspiration of the Knee Joint.- 2.5.1 Aspiration Technique.- 2.5.2 Examination of the Aspirate.- 2.5.3 Hemarthrosis.- Special Clinical Diagnosis.- 3 Evaluation of the Ligaments.- 3.1 Basic Principles.- 3.1.1 Theoretical Principles.- 3.1.1.1 Planes and Axes of Motion, Translation and Rotation.- 3.1.1.2 Motion Spectrum.- 3.1.1.3 Laxity and Instability.- 3.1.1.4 Increased Laxity.- 3.1.1.5 Laxity Parameters.- 3.1.2 Principles of the Examination.- 3.1.2.1 Doctor-Patient Relationship during the Examination.- 3.1.2.2 Timing the Examination.- 3.1.2.3 Active or Passive Tests.- 3.1.2.4 Evaluation of the End Point.- 3.1.2.5 Rules and Goals of the Examination.- 3.2 Valgus and Varus Test.- 3.3 Passive Anterior Drawer Tests.- 3.3.1 Anterior Drawer Test in 90° Flexion.- 3.3.2 Anterior Drawer Test in 90° Flexion in Various Positions of Tibial Rotation.- 3.3.2.1 Maximum Subluxation Test.- 3.3.3 LachmanTest.- 3.3.3.1 Prone Lachman Test.- 3.3.3.2 Stable Lachman Test.- 3.3.3.3 Graded Lachman Test.- 3.3.4 Finochietto's Sign.- 3.4 Dynamic Anterior Subluxation Tests (Pivot Shift Tests).- 3.4.1 Lemaire Test.- 3.4.2 Pivot Shift Test of Macintosh.- 3.4.3 Jerk Test of Hughston.- 3.4.4 Slocum Test.- 3.4.5 Losee Test.- 3.4.6 Noyes Test (Flexion Rotation Drawer Test).- 3.4.7 Flexion Extension Valgus Test.- 3.4.8 Nakajima Test (N Test).- 3.4.9 Martens Test.- 3.4.10 Graded Pivot Shift Test of Jakob.- 3.4.11 Modified Pivot Shift Test.- 3.4.12 "Soft" Pivot Shift Test.- 3.5 Medial Shift Test.- 3.6 Function Tests.- 3.6.1 Deceleration Test.- 3.6.2 "Disco" Test of Losee.- 3.6.3 Leaning Hop Test of Larson.- 3.6.4 Crossover Test of Arnold.- 3.6.5 Giving Way Test of Jakob.- 3.6.6 One-Leg Hop Test.- 3.6.7 Running in a Figure of Eight.- 3.6.8 Running Up and Down Stairs.- 3.7 Posterior Drawer Test.- 3.7.1 "Soft" Posterolateral Drawer Test.- 3.7.2 Reversed Lachman Test.- 3.7.3 Godfrey Test.- 3.8 Reversed Pivot Shift Test.- 3.8.1 Dynamic Posterior Shift Test.- 3.9 Active Laxity Tests.- 3.9.1 Active Quadriceps Test in 30° Flexion (Active Lachman Test).- 3.9.2 No-Touch Lachman Test (Active Quadriceps Test in 30° Flexion).- 3.9.3 Active Quadriceps Test in 90° Flexion.- 3.9.4 Modified Active Drawer Test in 90° Flexion.- 3.9.5 Quadriceps Neutral Angle Test of Daniel.- 3.9.6 Active Pivot Shift Test.- 3.9.7 Active Posterolateral Drawer Sign.- 3.10 External Rotation Recurvatum Test.- 3.11 Classification of Knee Instabilities.- 3.12 Isolated Ligament Ruptures.- 3.12.1 Isolated ACL Rupture.- 3.12.2 Isolated PCL Rupture.- 3.12.3 Isolated Ruptures of the Collateral Ligaments.- 3.13 Straight Instabilities.- 3.13.1 Medial and Lateral Instability.- 3.13.2 Anterior Instability.- 3.13.3 Posterior Instability.- 3.14 Complex Instabilities (Rotatory Instabilities).- 3.14.1 Anteromedial Instability.- 3.14.2 Anterolateral Instability.- 3.14.3 Posterolateral Instability.- 3.14.4 Posteromedial Instability.- 3.15 Conclusion.- 4 Evaluation of the Menisci.- 4.1 Classification.- 4.2 Symptoms.- 4.3 Discoid Meniscus and Meniscal Cysts.- 4.3.1 Discoid Meniscus.- 4.3.2 Meniscal Cysts.- 4.4 Meniscus Tests.- 4.4.1 Joint Line Tenderness.- 4.4.2 Hyperflexion and Hyperextension.- 4.4.3 Medial and Lateral Translation.- 4.4.4 Steinmann I Sign.- 4.4.5 Steinmann II Sign.- 4.4.6 Payr's Sign.- 4.4.7 Böhler's Sign.- 4.4.8 Krömer's Sign.- 4.4.9 Bragard's Sign.- 4.4.10 Merke'sSign.- 4.4.11 McMurrayTest.- 4.4.12 Fouche's Sign.- 4.4.13 Childress'Sign.- 4.4.14 Apley Test.- 4.4.15 Medial-Lateral Grinding Test.- 4.4.16 Rotational Grinding Test.- 4.4.17 Cabot's Sign.- 4.4.18 Finochietto's Sign.- 4.4.19 Turner's Sign.- 4.4.20 Tschaklin's Sign.- 4.5 Reduction of the Menisci.- 4.5.1 Kulka's Maneuver.- 4.5.2 Popp's Maneuver.- 4.5.3 Jones' Maneuver.- 4.5.4 Winkel's Maneuver.- 4.5.5 Follow-up Treatment.- 5 Evaluation of the Femoropatellar Joint.- 5.1 Femoropatellar Pain Syndrome (Anterior Knee Pain).- 5.1.1 Symptoms.- 5.1.2 Pathogenic Factors.- 5.1.3 Diagnostic Tests.- 5.1.3.1 Assessment of Laxity.- 5.1.3.2 Patell…