Evidence-Based Orthopedics is an up-to-date review of the best evidence for the diagnosis, management, and treatment of orthopedic conditions. Covering orthopedic surgery as well as pre- and post-operative complications, this comprehensive guide provides recommendations for implementing evidence-based practice in the clinical setting. Chapters written by leading clinicians and researchers in the field are supported by tables of evidence that summarize systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials. In areas where evidence is insufficient to recommend a practice, summaries of the available research are provided to assist in decision-making.

This fully revised new edition reflects the most recent evidence using the approved evidence-based medicine (EBM) guidelines and methodology. The text now places greater emphasis on GRADE--a transparent framework for developing and presenting summaries ofevidence--to allow readers to easily evaluate the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations. The second edition offers a streamlined presentation and an improved standardized format emphasizing how evidence in each chapter directly affects clinical decisions. Incorporating a vast amount of new evidence, Evidence-Based Orthopedics:

* Features thoroughly revised and updated content, including a new chapter on pediatric orthopedics and new X-ray images

* Provides the evidence base for orthopedic surgery as well as pediatric orthopedics and orthopedic conditions requiring medical treatment

* Covers the different methods for most orthopedic surgical procedures, such as hip replacements, arthroscopy, and knee replacements

* Helps surgeons and orthopedic specialists achieve a uniform optimum standard through a condition-based approach

Aligns with internationally accepted guidelines and best health economic principles Evidence-Based Orthopedics is an invaluable resource for orthopedic specialists, surgeons, trauma surgeons, trainees, and medical students.

MOHIT BHANDARI, MD, PHD, FRCSC, is Professor of Surgery in the Division of Orthopedic Surgery at McMaster University, Ontario, Canada. He is a University Scholar, holds a Canada Research Chair in Evidence-Based Orthopedics, serves as Associate Chair-Research in the Department of Surgery, and was inducted as a member of the Order of Canada. Dr Bhandari has been acknowledged as one of the top 10 most cited orthopedic fracture surgeons in the world. He conducts major multinational, transformative randomized clinical trials, publishes actively in the top medical journals, lectures to thousands around the world, and edits several major textbooks. He is Editor-in-Chief of OrthoEvidence, an online source for high quality and timely evidence-based orthopedic summaries.

EVIDENCE-BASED ORTHOPEDICS

SECOND EDITION

Evidence-Based Orthopedics is an up-to-date review of the best evidence for the diagnosis, management, and treatment of orthopedic conditions. Covering orthopedic surgery as well as pre- and post-operative complications, this comprehensive guide provides recommendations for implementing evidence-based practice in the clinical setting. Chapters written by leading clinicians and researchers in the field are supported by tables of evidence that summarize systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials. In areas where evidence is insufficient to recommend a practice, summaries of the available research are provided to assist in decision-making.

This fully revised new edition reflects the most recent evidence using the approved evidence-based medicine (EBM) guidelines and methodology. The text now places greater emphasis on GRADEa transparent framework for developing and presenting summaries of evidenceto allow readers to easily evaluate the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations. The second edition offers a streamlined presentation and an improved standardized format emphasizing how evidence in each chapter directly affects clinical decisions. Incorporating a vast amount of new evidence, Evidence-Based Orthopedics:

• Features thoroughly revised and updated content, including a new chapter on pediatric orthopedics and new X-ray images
• Provides the evidence base for orthopedic surgery as well as pediatric orthopedics and orthopedic conditions requiring medical treatment
• Covers the different methods for most orthopedic surgical procedures, such as hip replacements, arthroscopy, and knee replacements
• Helps surgeons and orthopedic specialists achieve a uniform optimum standard through a condition-based approach
• Aligns with internationally accepted guidelines and best health economic principles

Evidence-Based Orthopedics is an invaluable resource for orthopedic specialists, surgeons, trauma surgeons, trainees, and medical students.

Evidence-Based Orthopedics is an up-to-date review of the best evidence for the diagnosis, management, and treatment of orthopedic conditions. Covering orthopedic surgery as well as pre- and post-operative complications, this comprehensive guide provides recommendations for implementing evidence-based practice in the clinical setting. Chapters written by leading clinicians and researchers in the field are supported by tables of evidence that summarize systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials. In areas where evidence is insufficient to recommend a practice, summaries of the available research are provided to assist in decision-making.

This fully revised new edition reflects the most recent evidence using the approved evidence-based medicine (EBM) guidelines and methodology. The text now places greater emphasis on GRADEa transparent framework for developing and presenting summaries ofevidenceto allow readers to easily evaluate the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations. The second edition offers a streamlined presentation and an improved standardized format emphasizing how evidence in each chapter directly affects clinical decisions. Incorporating a vast amount of new evidence, Evidence-Based Orthopedics:

• Features thoroughly revised and updated content, including a new chapter on pediatric orthopedics and new X-ray images
• Provides the evidence base for orthopedic surgery as well as pediatric orthopedics and orthopedic conditions requiring medical treatment
• Covers the different methods for most orthopedic surgical procedures, such as hip replacements, arthroscopy, and knee replacements
• Helps surgeons and orthopedic specialists achieve a uniform optimum standard through a condition-based approach

Aligns with internationally accepted guidelines and best health economic principles Evidence-Based Orthopedics is an invaluable resource for orthopedic specialists, surgeons, trauma surgeons, trainees, and medical students.

Contributors, xv

Foreword, xxix

Preface, xxxi

Abbreviations, xxxiii

Section I Methodology of Evidence-Based Orthopedics

1 Principles of Evidence-Based Orthopedics, 3
Niek van der Hoek MD and Paul Tornetta III MD

2 Hierarchy of Evidence and Common Study Designs, 7
Annie George BHSc, Ydo V. Kleinlugtenbelt MD PhD, and Kim Madden PhD

3 Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, 11
Joseph T. Patterson MD and Saam Morshed MD PhD MPH

4 Healthcare Recommendations: Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) Approach, 19
Mark Phillips BSc PhD, Cand

5 Outcomes and Their Interpretations, 25
Leah Gitajn MD

6 Value-Based Orthopedics, 31
Nathan N. O'Hara MHA and Daniel Mwayafu MBChB MMed