Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram in Small Animals

Explore this easy-to-follow clinical manual on how to interpret electrocardiograms in canine and feline patients

Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram in Small Animals delivers a simplified and accessible approach to electrocardiography interpretation for veterinarians treating dogs and cats. This practical manual covers a comprehensive list of arrhythmias and associated phenomena using an easy-to-follow format, with hundreds of electrocardiograms and ladder diagrams supporting the text.

The book focuses on the clinical applications of electrocardiographic interpretation, with less emphasis on physics and subcellular mechanisms, making the book a useful patient-side resource. Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram in Small Animals offers readers an up-to-date understanding and knowledge of common and rare phenomena alike.

Beginning with a description of the single cardiac cycle as illustrated by surface EKG, the book moves on to describe variations on the P-QRS-T complex that occur in response to chamber enlargement and hypertrophy. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:
* A detailed discussion of aberrancy and its differentiation from ventricular ectopy
* A thorough exploration of arrhythmias and conduction disorders including escape mechanisms, atrioventricular block, extrasystoles, accelerated rhythms, tachycardias, flutter and fibrillation
* An examination of pacemaker basics, as well as a few common abnormalities and pacemaker problems, including undersensing, oversensing, and failure to capture

Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram in Small Animals is a convenient, one-stop reference for the interpretation of electrocardiography in small animals for veterinary students, residents, and specialists as well as for small animal general practitioners.

The author

Nick A. Schroeder, DVM, DACVIM (Cardiology), is a staff cardiologist at LeadER Animal Special Hospital in Cooper City, Florida, USA.

Explore this easy-to-follow clinical manual on how to interpret electrocardiograms in canine and feline patients

Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram in Small Animals delivers a simplified and accessible approach to electrocardiography interpretation for veterinarians treating dogs and cats. This practical manual covers a comprehensive list of arrhythmias and associated phenomena using an easy-to-follow format, with hundreds of electrocardiograms and ladder diagrams supporting the text.

The book focuses on the clinical applications of electrocardiographic interpretation, with less emphasis on physics and subcellular mechanisms, making the book a useful patient-side resource. Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram in Small Animals offers readers an up-to-date understanding and knowledge of common and rare phenomena alike.

Beginning with a description of the single cardiac cycle as illustrated by surface EKG, the book moves on to describe variations on the P-QRS-T complex that occur in response to chamber enlargement and hypertrophy. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:

• A detailed discussion of aberrancy and its differentiation from ventricular ectopy
• A thorough exploration of arrhythmias and conduction disorders including escape mechanisms, atrioventricular block, extrasystoles, accelerated rhythms, tachycardias, flutter and fibrillation
• An examination of pacemaker basics, as well as a few common abnormalities and pacemaker problems, including undersensing, oversensing, and failure to capture

Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram in Small Animals is a convenient, one-stop reference for the interpretation of electrocardiography in small animals for veterinary students, residents, and specialists as well as for small animal general practitioners.

Main Introduction

Part I: The P-QRS-T: Introduction

Chapter 1 The P-QRS-T: The Basics

Chapter 2 The P-QRS-T: Some Abnormalities

Chapter 3 The P-QRS-T: Trouble

Part II: Aberrancy: Introduction

Chapter 4 Atrial Aberrancy

Chapter 5 Right Bundle Branch Block

1) Left Bundle Branch Block

2) Fascicular Blocks

3) Wide Complex Supraventricular Tachycardia and Interventricular Conduction Disturbances

Part III: Arrhythmias: Introduction

Sinoatrial Arrhythmias: Introduction

4) Sinoatrial Bradyarrhythmias

5) Sinoatrial Block

6) Sick Sinus Syndrome

7) Sinoatrial Tachyarrhyhmias

Atrial Arrhythmias: Introduction

8) Atrial Bradyarrhythmias

9) Atrial Extrasystoles

10) Atrial Tachycardia

11) Bypass-Tract Mediated Supraventricular Tachycardia

12) Atrial Flutter

13) Atrial Fibrillation

Junctional Arrhythmias: Introduction

14) Junctional Bradyarrhythmias

15) Atrioventricular Block

16) Junctional Extrasystoles

17) Junctional Tachycardia

Ventricular Arrhythmias: Introduction

18) Ventricular Bradyarrhythmias

19) Ventricular Extrasystoles

20) Ventricular Tachycardia, Flutter and Fibrillation

Part IV: Pacemakers: Introduction

21) Pacemakers: The Basics

22) Pacemakers: Some Abnormalities

23) Pacemakers: Trouble

Individual Chapter Subsections:

Chapter 1 The P-QRS-T: The Basics

Leads

Waveforms/intervals

Amplitudes

Paper speeds

Mean electrical axis

False poling

Situs Inversus

Chapter 2 The P-QRS-T: Some Abnormalities

P pulmonale/right atrial abnormality

P pseudo-pulmonale

P mitrale/left atrial abnormality

Interratrial conduction defect

P pseudo-mitrale

P biatriale/biatrial abnormality

P pseudo-biatriale

Right ventricular hypertrophy/right axis deviation

Left ventricular hypertrophy/left axis deviation

Biventricular hypertrophy

Horizontal axis

Vertical axis

Indeterminant axis

Early repolarization

Chapter 3 The P-QRS-T: Trouble

P-R segment changes

Q-T segment changes

The prolonged QRS

Hyperkalemia

Hypokalemia

Other changes

calcium

magnesium

Q-Ti prolongation

hypothermia

Digoxin effects

Cushing's response

S-T segment elevation/depression

myocardial infarction/ischemic changes

Low-voltage QRS

Electrical alternans

Pericarditis

Chapter 4 Atrial Aberrancy

Interatrial/Intra-atrial block

Chung's phenomenon

Atrial ectopy

Chapter 5 Right Bundle Branch Block

Incomplete right bundle branch block

Ashman's phenomenon/2nd-in-a-row anomaly

Rate-dependent and intermittent right bundle branch block

Complete right bundle branch block

Chapter 6 Left Bundle Branch Block

Incomplete left bundle branch block

Rate-dependent and intermittent left bundle branch block

Complete left bundle branch block

Chapter 7 Fascicular Blocks

Left anterior fascicular block

Left medial fascicular block

Left posterior fascicular block

Bilateral bundle branch block

Bifascicular block

Masquerading bundle branch block

Trifascicular block

Arborization block

Chapter 8 Wide Complex Supraventricu...