This textbook provides an overview of the origin and preservation of carbonate sedimentary rocks. The focus is on limestones and dolostones and the sediments from which they are derived. The approach is general and universal and draws heavily on fundamental discoveries, arresting interpretations, and keystone syntheses that have been developed over the last five decades. The book is designed as a teaching tool for upper level undergraduate classes, a fundamental reference for graduate and research students, and a scholarly source of information for practicing professionals whose expertise lies outside this specialty. The approach is rigorous, with every chapter being designed as a separate lecture on a specific topic that is encased within a larger scheme. The text is profusely illustrated with all colour diagrams and images of rocks, subsurface cores, thin sections, modern sediments, and underwater seascapes. Additional resources for this book can be found at: www.wiley.com/go/james/carbonaterocks
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Noel James, Professor of Geology at Queen's University, Canada, has, for over 40 years focused his research on carbonate sediments and rocks that range from the modern seafloor to the Archean, studying their origin via extensive marine and terrestrial fieldwork, petrography, and geochemistry. He has taught numerous courses on oceanography, carbonate sedimentology, petroleum geology and the evolution of North America to undergraduates, graduate students, and professionals as well as editing or authoring nine scientific books. He has been honoured many times by learned societies, is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and a Member of the Order of Canada.
Brian Jones, Distinguished University Professor (Geology) at the University of Alberta, Canada, has, for over 40 years taught numerous courses at the introductory and advanced level on carbonate sedimentology and diagenesis. His research on carbonates has concentrated on the deposition and diagenesis of modern and Cenozoic deposits in the Caribbean, surface and subsurface Paleozoic rocks in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, many of which are prolific hydrocarbon reservoirs, and spring deposits worldwide. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and the first Middleton Medalist of the Geological Association of Canada.
Inhalt
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
PART I: CARBONATE SEDIMENTOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW 1
1 CARBONATE ROCKS AND PLATFORMS 5
What are carbonate sedimentary rocks? 6
Why should we care about studying these rocks? 6
What is the scientific approach? 6
The carbonate continuum 7
How do carbonate sediments form? 9
Where are carbonates produced and where do they accumulate? 10
Tectonic settings and the nature of carbonate platforms 11
How do we study carbonate sediments and rocks? 14
Further reading 14
2 CARBONATE CHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY 15
Introduction 16
Chemistry 16
Carbonate precipitation and dissolution in the ocean 19
Further reading 21
3 THE CARBONATE FACTORY 22
Introduction 23
Sediment production 23
Component modification 28
Karst and carbonate spring precipitates 36
Further reading 37
4 MARINE CARBONATE FACTORIES AND ROCK CLASSIFICATIONS 38
Introduction 39
Environmental controls 39
Benthic marine factories 46
Pelagic marine factories 47
Limestone classification schemes 47
Further reading 50
5 THE CARBONATE FACTORY: MICROBES AND ALGAE 51
Introduction 52
Microbes and carbonates 52
Microbialites 52
Modern stromatolites 54
Calcimicrobes 60
Calcareous algae 60
Further reading 66
6 THE CARBONATE FACTORY: SINGLE CELLS AND SHELLS 67
Introduction 68
Single?]cell microfossils 68
Macrofossils 71
Further reading 78
7 THE CARBONATE FACTORY: ECHINODERMS AND COLONIAL INVERTEBRATES 79
Introduction 80
Echinoderms 80
Sponges 82
Bryozoans 85
Corals 89
Further reading 93
Part II: CARBONATE DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW 95
8 LACUSTRINE CARBONATES 99
Introduction 100
Modern lakes: Zonation and classification 100
Controls on lake sedimentation 101
Lake sedimentation 103
Lacustrine microbialites 107
Classification of ancient lake deposits 108
Further reading 108
9 CARBONATE SPRINGS 110
Introduction 111
Spring systems 111
Classification of springs 112
Tufa, travertine, or sinter? 113
Biota of spring systems 114
Carbonate precipitation in spring systems 114
Spring architecture 115
Calcareous spring carbonate facies 117
Further reading 122
10 WARM?]WATER NERITIC CARBONATE DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS 123
Introduction 124
The carbonate factory 124
Depositional systems 125
Further reading 134
11 THE COOL?]WATER NERITIC REALM 135
Introduction 136
The Carbonate Factory 136
Depositional settings 139
Warm?]temperate carbonates 141
Cool?]temperate carbonates 144
Cold?]water, polar carbonate systems 144
The rock record 145
Further reading 148
12 MUDDY PERITIDAL CARBONATES 150
Introduction 151
Andros Island: The Bahamas 152
Shark Bay: Western Australia 154
The United Arab Emirates: Persian Gulf 155
Stratigraphy 158
The shallowing?]upward peritidal cycle 158
How do numerous peritidal cycles form? 158
Temporal variations on the peritidal cycle theme 162
Further reading 163
13 NERITIC CARBONATE TIDAL SAND BODIES 165
Introduction 166
Tides and tidal currents 166
Tidal sand bodies 167
Bahamian platform ooid sand bodies 169
Types of Bahamian platform sand bodies 170
Some examples of Bahamian sand bodies 171
Inter?]island tidal ooid sand bodies (tidal deltas) 173
Platform interior Bahamian ooid sand bodies 174
Carbonate ramp tidal ooid sand bodies 175
Carbonate sand bodies in straits and seaways 175
Carbonate sands in flooded incised valleys 176
Carbonate sands in hypersaline basins 177
The rock record of tidal ooid sands 177
Ancient sand body geometries 178
Further reading 178
14 MODERN REEFS 179
Introduction 180
The reef mosaic 180
The coral reef growth window 182
Shallow?]water reefs 184
Deep?]water reefs 189
Further reading 191
15 ANCIENT REEFS 192
Introduction 193
The ancient reef factory 193
Microbes, calcimicrobes, and calcareous algae 194
Internal cavities 195
Lithification 195
Boring and bioerosion 196
Reef stratigraphic nomenclature 196
The spectrum of ancient reefs 198
Reefs 198
Reef mounds 199
Reef geohistory 202
Reef rock classification 206
Further reading 217
16 CARBONATE SLOPES 212
Introduction 213
Depositional bathymetry 213
The deposits 213
Contourites 217
Slope types 218
Temporal and spatial variability 220
Further reading 222
17 DEEP?]WATER PELAGIC CARBONATES 223
Introduction 224
Universal controls 224
Depositional controls 225
Universal attributes 226
Old pelagic sediments 226
Young pelagic sediments 228
The pelagic factory 228
Chalk 229
Associated sediments 233
Ocean anoxia 233
Further reading 233
18 PRECAMBRIAN CARB…