A global perspective on the management and prevention of
emerging and re-emerging diseases

Emerging infectious diseases are newly identified or otherwise
previously unknown infections that cause public health challenges.
Re-emerging infectious diseases are due to both the reappearance of
and an increase in the number of infections from a disease that is
known, but which had formerly caused so few infections that it was
no longer considered a public health problem. The factors that
cause the emergence or re-emergence of a disease are diverse.

This book takes a look at the world's emerging and re-emerging
diseases. It covers the diagnosis, therapy, prevention, and control
of a variety of individual diseases, and examines the social and
behavioral issues that could contribute to epidemics. Each chapter
focuses on an individual disease and provides scientific background
and social history as well as the current basics of infection,
epidemiology, and control.

Emerging Epidemics: Management and Control offers five
topics of coverage:

FUNDAMENTALS

* Epidemics fundamentals

* Disasters and epidemics

* Biosafety

RE-EMERGING EPIDEMICS

* Tuberculosis

* Plague

NEWLY EMERGING EPIDEMICS

* Leptospirosis

* Dengue

* Japanese Encephalitis

* Chikungunya Fever

* West Nile Virus

* Chandipura Virus Encephalitis

* Kyasanur Forest Disease

* Hantavirus

* Human, Avian, and Swine Influenza

* Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

* Nipah Virus

* Paragonimiasis

* Melioidosis

POTENTIAL EPIDEMICS

* Biowarfare and bioterrorism

* Food contamination and food terrorism

* Antimicrobial resistance

VECTOR CONTROL METHODS

* Mosquito control

* Other disease vectors and their control

Offering an integrated, worldwide overview of the complexity of
the epidemiology of infections, Emerging Epidemics will be a
valuable resource for students, physicians, and scientists working
in veterinary, medical, and the pharmaceutical sciences.

Prakash Singh Bisen, PhD, D.Sc, is an eminent scientist in the field of Biotechnology with over 32 years of research and teaching experience. He has one US Patent and an Indian Patent on Tuberculosis to his credit. He is also an author of over 130 research publications. Presently, Professor Bisen is the Chairman of Bisen Biotech and Biopharma (P) Ltd. a private equity venture which focuses on diagnostic solutions for widespread diseases. Professor Bisen is also the Chairman of the Vikrant Group, which focuses on advancing technical education through technical institutes at Gwalior and Indore, India.

Ruchika Raghuvanshi, PhD, is a Research Scientist at the Defence Research Development Organization, a division of the Indian Ministry of Defence.

Vijayaraghavan, PhD, is Director of the Defence Research Development Establishment, the Defence Research Development Organization, a division of the Indian Ministry of Defence.

Zusammenfassung

A global perspective on the management and prevention of emerging and re-emerging diseases

Emerging infectious diseases are newly identified or otherwise previously unknown infections that cause public health challenges. Re-emerging infectious diseases are due to both the reappearance of and an increase in the number of infections from a disease that is known, but which had formerly caused so few infections that it was no longer considered a public health problem. The factors that cause the emergence or re-emergence of a disease are diverse.

This book takes a look at the world's emerging and re-emerging diseases. It covers the diagnosis, therapy, prevention, and control of a variety of individual diseases, and examines the social and behavioral issues that could contribute to epidemics. Each chapter focuses on an individual disease and provides scientific background and social history as well as the current basics of infection, epidemiology, and control.

Emerging Epidemics: Management and Control offers five topics of coverage:

FUNDAMENTALS

• Epidemics fundamentals
• Disasters and epidemics
• Biosafety

RE-EMERGING EPIDEMICS

• Tuberculosis
• Plague

NEWLY EMERGING EPIDEMICS

• Leptospirosis
• Dengue
• Japanese Encephalitis
• Chikungunya Fever
• West Nile Virus
• Chandipura Virus Encephalitis
• Kyasanur Forest Disease
• Hantavirus
• Human, Avian, and Swine Influenza
• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
• Nipah Virus
• Paragonimiasis
• Melioidosis

POTENTIAL EPIDEMICS

• Biowarfare and bioterrorism
• Food contamination and food terrorism
• Antimicrobial resistance

VECTOR CONTROL METHODS

• Mosquito control
• Other disease vectors and their control

Offering an integrated, worldwide overview of the complexity of the epidemiology of infections, Emerging Epidemics will be a valuable resource for students, physicians, and scientists working in veterinary, medical, and the pharmaceutical sciences.

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xvii

Chapter 1 Prologue 3

Introduction 3

Causative Factors 7

Salient Features 11

Emerging Epidemics 11

Re-Emerging Epidemics 17

Antimicrobial Resistance 18

Public Health Implications 20

References 22

Chapter 2 Epidemics Fundamentals 24

Introduction 24

Definitions 24

Types of Epidemics 26

Epidemiological Triad 29

Forecasting an Epidemic 31

Contingency Plan 33

Investigation of Epidemics 35

Management of Epidemics 38

Control of Epidemics 39

Principles of Planning Emergency Services 41

References 44

Chapter 3 Disasters and Epidemics 46

Fundamentals 46

Contributory Factors 51

Investigation of Rumors 52

References 54

Chapter 4 Biosafety 56

Introduction 56

Components 57

Hand Washing 61

Preventing Needlestick Injuries 62

Safe Transport of Biological Material 64

Safe Decontamination of Spills 65

Safe Handling of Dead Bodies 67

Personal Protective Equipment 69

Management of Biomedical Waste 69

Infection Control Check List 71

Biosafety Levels 71

Accreditation of Hospitals and Laboratories 74

References 75

Chapter 5 Tuberculosis 76

History 76

Magnitude 78

Agent Factors 81

Host Factors and High-Risk Groups 88

Environmental Factors 89

Modes of Transmission 90

Pathology and Immunology 91

Clinical Manifestations 96

Diagnosis of Tuberculosis 101

Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course (DOTS) 119

Tuberculosis and HIV 135

Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis 140

Prevention and Control 142

Social and Cultural Factors 145

References 148

Chapter 6 Plague 154

History of Plague 154

Magnitude 155

Agent Factors 157

Host Factors 158

Environmental Factors 159

Reservoir 159

Mode of Transmission 160

Clinical Manifestations 161

Laboratory Diagnosis 164

Differential Diagnosis 170

Clinical Management 170

Prevention and Control 172

References 174

Chapter 7 Leptospirosis 176

Introduction 176

Magnitude 176

Agent Factors 177

Host Factors 179

Environmen…