Emotion in the Human Face: Guidelines for Research and an Integration of Findings reviews research findings about the link between the face and emotion and provides some guidelines for study of this complicated but intriguing phenomenon. Some of the conceptual ambiguities that have hindered research and the methodological decisions that must be made in planning research on the face and emotion are discussed. How past investigators handled these matters is presented critically, and a set of standards is offered. This book is comprised of 21 chapters and begins with an overview of questions about how the face provides information about emotion, with emphasis on evidence based on scientific research (largely in psychology). The reader is then introduced to conceptual ambiguities and methodological decisions related to research on the face-emotion connection (including sampling), along with some important research findings. In particular, emotion categories and dimensions that observers can judge on the basis of facial behavior are analyzed, and whether such judgments can be accurate. The similarities and differences in facial behavior across cultures are also considered, along with the relative contribution of facial behavior and contextual information to the judgment of emotion. This monograph is intended primarily for students of psychology, anthropology, ethology, sociology, and biology, as well as those planning or already conducting research on the face.

Preface
Acknowledgments

Introduction

Part One: Conceptual Ambiguities

I What Do We Mean by "Emotion"?

II How Do We Determine Whether Judgments of Emotion are Accurate?

III What Does Establishing Generality Entail?

IV Can Facial Behavior Be Controlled or Disguised?

V Can Two or More Emotions Be Shown Simultaneously?

Review Part One: Conceptual Ambiguities

Part Two: Methodological Decisions

VI Selecting a Research Design

VII Choosing the Eliciting Circumstance

VIII Sampling Persons

IX Sampling Behavior from a Record

X Sampling Emotions

XI Sampling Emotion Words, Categories, or Dimensions in Judgment Studies

XII Choosing a Method of Recording

Review Part Two: Methodological Decisions

Part Three: Research Findings

XIII What Emotion Categories Can Observers Judge from Facial Behavior?

XIV What Emotion Dimensions Can Observers Judge from Facial Behavior?

XV Can Judgments of Emotion from Facial Behavior Be Accurate?

XVI Can Measurement of the Components of Facial Behavior Provide Accurate Information?

XVII are Components of Facial Behavior Related to Observers' Judgments of Emotion?

XVIII What Is the Relative Contribution of Facial Behavior and Contextual Information to the Judgment of Emotion?

XIX What are the Similarities and Differences in Facial Behavior across Cultures?

Part Four: Final Considerations

XX Research in Progress and Implications for Theory

XXI Conclusion

Bibliography

Author Index