Organised and written as an accessible study guide for student pilots wishing to take commercial ground examinations to obtain ATPL or CPL licenses, Principles of Flight for Pilots also provides a reliable up-to-date reference for qualified and experienced personnel wishing to further improve their understanding of the Principles of Flight and related subjects. Providing a unique aerodynamics reference tool, unlike any book previously Principles of Flight for Pilots explains in significant depth all the topics necessary to pass the Principles of Flight examination as required by the EASA syllabus.
Aviation ground instructor Peter J. Swatton, well reputed for his previous works in the field of pilot ground training, presents the subject in seven parts including basic aerodynamics; level flight aerodynamics; stability; manoeuvre aerodynamics; and other aerodynamic considerations. Each chapter includes self-assessed questions, 848 in total spread over eighteen chapters, with solutions provided at the end of the book containing full calculations and explanations.
Autorentext
Peter Swatton is Director and Chief Ground Instructor at Ground Training Services at Bournemouth/Hurn airport which specialises in training pilots for the JAA examinations. He was a navigator in the Royal Air Force for 37 years, of which 28 were spent as an OCU instructor and Wing examiner: on retirement he became an instructor with the Professional Pilot Study Centre at Bournemouth and remained there for 12 years before assuming his current role.
Inhalt
Series Preface xxi
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgements xxv
List of Abbreviations xxvii
Weight and Mass xxxi
Part 1 The Preliminaries 1
1 Basic Principles 3
1.1 The Atmosphere 3
1.2 The Composition of Air 3
1.2.1 The Measurement of Temperature 3
1.2.2 Air Density 4
1.3 The International Standard Atmosphere 4
1.3.1 ISA Deviation 5
1.3.2 JSA Deviation 5
1.3.3 Height and Altitude 6
1.3.4 Pressure Altitude 7
1.3.5 Density Altitude 7
1.4 The Physical Properties of Air 7
1.4.1 Fluid Pressure 7
1.4.2 Static Pressure 7
1.4.3 Dynamic Pressure 7
1.5 Newton's Laws of Motion 8
1.5.1 Definitions 8
1.5.2 First Law 8
1.5.3 Second Law 8
1.5.4 Third Law 9
1.6 Constant-Acceleration Formulae 9
1.7 The Equation of Impulse 9
1.8 The Basic Gas Laws 10
1.8.1 Boyles Law 10
1.8.2 Charles' Law 10
1.8.3 Pressure Law 10
1.8.4 The Ideal Gas Equation 10
1.9 The Conservation Laws 11
1.10 Bernoulli's Theorem 11
1.10.1 Viscosity 11
1.11 The Equation of Continuity 12
1.12 Reynolds Number 12
1.12.1 Critical Reynolds Number (Recrit) 13
1.13 Units of Measurement 13
Self-Assessment Exercise 1 15
2 Basic Aerodynamic Definitions 19
2.1 Aerofoil Profile 19
2.2 Aerofoil Attitude 20
2.3 Wing Shape 21
2.4 Wing Loading 23
2.5 Weight and Mass 24
2.5.1 The Newton 24
2.6 Airspeeds 24
2.6.1 Airspeed Indicator Reading (ASIR) 24
2.6.2 Indicated Airspeed (IAS) 25
2.6.3 Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) 25
2.6.4 Rectified Airspeed (RAS) 25
2.6.5 Equivalent Airspeed (EAS) 25
2.6.6 True Airspeed (TAS) 25
2.6.7 Mach Number 26
2.7 Speed Summary 26
2.8 The Effect of Altitude on Airspeeds 27
2.8.1 a. Below the Tropopause 27
2.8.2 b. Above the Tropopause 27
Self-Assessment Exercise 2 29
Part 2 Basic Aerodynamics 33
3 Basic Control 35
3.1 Aeroplane Axes and Planes of Rotation 35
3.1.1 The Longitudinal or Roll Axis 35
3.1.2 The Lateral or Pitch Axis 35
3.1.3 The Normal or Yaw Axis 35
3.2 The Flight Controls 35
3.3 The Elevators 37
3.4 Pitch Control 37
3.4.1 Control Surface Area 38
3.4.1.1 Control Surface Angular Deflection 38
3.4.2 The Moment Arm 38
3.4.3 Angle of Attack 38
3.5 Alternative Pitch Controls 39
3.5.1 Variable Incidence Tailplane 39
3.5.2 The Stabilator 40
3.5.3 The Elevons 40
3.6 The Rudder 40
3.7 Yaw Control 41
3.7.1 Control-Surface Area 41
3.7.1.1 Control-Surface Deflection 41
3.7.2 The Moment Arm 41
3.7.2.1 Engine-Induced Yaw 41
3.8 Asymmetric Engine Yawing Moment 42
3.8.1 Critical Power Unit 42
3.9 Asymmetric Rolling Moment 43
3.10 Minimum Control Speeds 44
3.10.0.1 For Take-off 44
3.10.0.2 For Landing 44
3.10.1 VMC 44
3.10.2 VMCG 44
3.10.2.1 The Effect of the Variables on VMCG and VMC 45
3.10.3 VMCL 45
3.10.4 VMCL(1out) 45
3.10.5 VMCL-2 46
3.10.5.1 The Effect of the Variables on VMCL 46
3.11 The Ailerons 46
3.12 Roll Control 46
3.12.1 The Flaperon 47
3.13 Wing Twist 47
3.14 Geometric Twist 47
3.15 Aerodynamic Twist 47
3.15.1 Twisterons 48
3.16 High-Speed Twist 49
3.16.1 Low-Speed Ailerons 49
3.16.2 High-Speed Ailerons 49
3.16.3 Roll Spoilers 50
Self-Assessment Exercise 3 51
4 Lift Generation 55
4.1 Turbulent Flow 55
4.2 Streamline Flow 55
4.3 The Boundary Layer 57
4.4 The Laminar Boundary Layer 58
4.4.1 The Transition Point 58
4.5 The Turbulent Boundary Layer 58
4.5.1 Leading-Edge Separation 59
4.6 Boundary-Layer Control 59
4.6.1 Blowing 59
4.6.2 Suction 60
4.6.3 Vortex Generators 60
4.7 Two-Dimensional Flow 61
4.8 The Stagnation Point 61
4.8.1 Aerofoil Upper-Surface Airflow 61
4.8.2 Aerofoil Lower-Surface Airflow 61
4.9 Lift Production 62
4.9.1 Symmetrical Aerofoils 62
4.9.2 Cambered Aerofoils 62
4.9.2.1 a. Negative Angles of Attack 64
4.9.2.2 b. Small Positive Angles of Attack 64
4.9.2.3 c. Large Positive Angles of Attack 64
4.10 The Centre of Pressure (CP) 64
4.11 Pitching Moments 65
4.12 The Aerodynamic Centre 67
4.13 Three-Dimensional Flow 68
4.14 Wing-Tip Vortices 68
4.15 Wake Turbulence 70
4.16 Spanwise Lift Distribution 70
4.16.1 The Effect of Wing Planform 70
Self-Assessment Exercise 4 75
Part 3 Level-Flight Aerodynamics 79
5 Lift Analysis 81
5.1 The Four Forces 81
5.2 Mass 81
5.3 Lift Analysis 82
5.4 The Factors Affecting CL 84
5.5 The Effect of Angle of Attack 84
5.6 The Effect of the Wing Shape 85
5.6.1 The Effect of Leading-Edge Radius 86
5.6.2 The Effect of Camber 86
5.6.3 The Effect of Aspect Ratio 87
5.6.4 The Wing Planform 88
5.6.4.1 The Effect of Sweepback 88
5.7 The Effect of Airframe-Surface Condition 89
5.8 The Effect of Reynolds Number 91
5.9 The Relationship between Speeds, Angles of Attack and CL 92
5.10 Aerofoil Profiles 93
5.10.1 High-Lift Aerofoils 93
5.10.2 General-Purpose Aerofoils 94
5.10.3 High-Speed Aerofoils 94
Self-Assessment Exercise 5 95
6 Lift Augmentation 99
6.1 Wing Loading 99
6.2 CLmax Augmentation 99
6.3 Slats 100
6.3.1 Automatic Slats 101
6.3.2 Manual Slats 103
6.4 Slots 103
6.5 Leading-Edge Flaps 103
6.5.1 The Krueger Flap 105
6.5.2 The Drooped Leading Edge 106
6.6 Trailing-Edge Flaps 106
6.6.1 The Plain Trailing-Edge Flap 107
6.6.2 The Split Trailing-Edge Flap 108
6.6.3 The Slotted Trailing-Edge Flap 108
6.6.4 The …