This text offers an open-learning approach to Raman spectroscopy
providing detail on instrumentation, applications and discussions
questions throughout the book.
It provides a valuable guide to assist with teaching Raman
spectroscopy which is gaining attention in (analytical) chemistry,
and as a consequence, teaching programs have followed. Today,
education in Raman spectroscopy is often limited to theoretical
aspects (e.g. selection rules), but practical aspects are usually
disregarded. With these course notes, the author hopes to fill this
gap and include information about Raman instrumentation and how it
is interpreted.
* Provides a user-friendly text that tackles the theoretical
background, and offers everyday tips for common practice
* Raman instrumentation and practical aspects, which are
sometimes overlooked, are covered
* Appropriate for students, and includes summaries, text boxes,
illustrating the ideas with examples from research literature or
providing background information or links with other courses
* Written with an open-learning approach, this book will be ideal
for use as a self-study guide or as the basis of a taught course
with discussion and self-assessment questions throughout the
text
* Includes a comprehensive bibliography to guide the reader to
more specialized texts and sources.
Autorentext
Peter Vandenabeele is a Research Professor in Archaeometry at Ghent University. He currently leads the Raman research group, and for several years has taught Raman spectroscopy courses to the University students. He has supervised master and PhD students, researching Raman Spectroscopy in different fields of applications: archaeometry, bacteriology, mycology, geology and pharmaceutics.
He has authored and co-authored approximately 50 research papers about Raman spectroscopy and has presented at international conferences. He was Guest editor of a special issue of Journal of Raman Spectroscopy and of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. Currently he is guest editing a special issue of Spectrochimica Acta A and was invited to organise a special issue of Anal. Bioanal. Chem on Raman spectroscopy.
Klappentext
Raman spectroscopy is a molecular spectroscopic technique, which in recent years has attracteda lot of attention as a versatile analytical technique, with applications in a broad range of research areas.
Practical Raman Spectroscopy: An Introduction provides the reader with:
- background information on the technique,
- an overview of theoretical aspects
- explanations of possible interferences and enhancement effects.
The author walks the reader through the key components of common Raman spectroscopy instrumentation and explains the basic principles of post-processing of Raman spectra, mathematical filters, spectral interpretation, quantitative aspects, searching algorithms,
Raman mapping, etc.
The text:
- is enhanced with practical examples from research, illustrating the broad
field of applications - includes Questions and Discussion Topics, where the reader can evaluate
their understanding - provides a comprehensive bibliography to guide the reader to more specialized texts and sources.
Rather than overwhelming the reader in mathematical discussions and equations, the author provides an intuitive feeling for different concepts in Raman spectroscopy. Thus, this book aims to provide an introduction to students as well as to the occasional user, who wants to gain a broader knowledge of the technique.
Zusammenfassung
This text offers an open-learning approach to Raman spectroscopy providing detail on instrumentation, applications and discussions questions throughout the book.
It provides a valuable guide to assist with teaching Raman spectroscopy which is gaining attention in (analytical) chemistry, and as a consequence, teaching programs have followed. Today, education in Raman spectroscopy is often limited to theoretical aspects (e.g. selection rules), but practical aspects are usually disregarded. With these course notes, the author hopes to fill this gap and include information about Raman instrumentation and how it is interpreted.
- Provides a user-friendly text that tackles the theoretical background, and offers everyday tips for common practice
- Raman instrumentation and practical aspects, which are sometimes overlooked, are covered
- Appropriate for students, and includes summaries, text boxes, illustrating the ideas with examples from research literature or providing background information or links with other courses
- Written with an open-learning approach, this book will be ideal for use as a self-study guide or as the basis of a taught course with discussion and self-assessment questions throughout the text
- Includes a comprehensive bibliography to guide the reader to more specialized texts and sources.
Inhalt
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols xvii
Introduction to Raman spectroscopy xix
1 Theoretical Aspects 1
1.1 Classical Approach 1
1.2 Selection Rule 7
1.3 Energy Levels and Group Frequencies 13
1.4 Raman Intensity 19
1.5 Raman Bandwidth 35
1.6 The General Appearance of a Raman Spectrum 37
1.7 Summary 38
Intermezzo 1.1 The Harmonic Oscillator and the Position of the Vibrational Energy Levels 6
Intermezzo 1.2 The Anharmonic Oscillator and the Position of Vibrational Energy Levels 11
Intermezzo 1.3 Raman Intensity Annotations 30
2 Interferences and Side-effects 39
2.1 Absorption 40
2.2 Fluorescence 40
2.3 Thermal Effects, Photodecomposition and Laser Ablation 43
2.4 Ambient Light and Background Radiation 44
2.5 Summary 44
3 Enhancement of the Raman Signal 47
3.1 Resonance Raman (RR) Spectroscopy 48
3.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) 48
3.2.1 Working Principle of SERS 49
(a) Chemical Enhancement 49
(b) Field Enhancement 51
3.2.2 Preparation of SERS Substrates 53
(a) Colloids 54
(b) Sputtering 55
(c) Electrochemical Production 55
(d) Etching 56
3.2.3 SERS Active Molecules 56
3.2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of SERS 57
3.3 Summary 59
Intermezzo 3.1 The Analysis of Organic Dyes by SERS 58
4 Raman Instrumentation 61
4.1 Lasers 62
4.1.1 Classification According to Safety Category 64
4.1.2 The Operating Principle of the Laser 65
4.1.3 Lasers for Raman Spectroscopy 71
4.2 Detectors 74
4.2.1 Single-Channel Detectors 75
4.2.2 Multi-Channel Detectors 76
4.2.3 Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Detectors 76
4.2.4 Semi-conductor Detectors 80
4.3 Filters 81
4.4 Dispersion Systems 83
4.4.1 Systems Based on Diffraction of Light 83
4.4.2 Fourier-Transform (FT-) Systems 86
4.5 Components for Transportation of Light 88
4.6 Sample Chambers and Measurement Probes 91
4.7 Noise in Raman Spectroscopy 95
4.7.1 Noise Originating from the Sample: s 96
4.7.2 Noise Originating from the Raman Instrument: i 98
4.7.3 Noise Originating from the Signal Processing: p 99
4.8 Summary 99
Intermezzo 4.1 The Helium-Neon laser 69
5 Raman Spectroscopy in Daily Lab-life 101
5.1 Calibration of a Raman Spectrometer 102
5.1.1 X-Axis Calibration 102
5.1.2 Y-Axis Calibration 105
5.2 Raman Spectral Post-processing 108