This new edition of the well-established Kearey and Brooks text is
fully updated to reflect the important developments in geophysical
methods since the production of the previous edition. The broad
scope of previous editions is maintained, with even greater clarity
of explanations from the revised text and extensively revised
figures. Each of the major geophysical methods is treated
systematically developing the theory behind the method and
detailing the instrumentation, field data acquisition techniques,
data processing and interpretation methods. The practical
application of each method to such diverse exploration applications
as petroleum, groundwater, engineering, environmental and forensic
is shown by case histories.
The mathematics required in order to understand the text is
purposely kept to a minimum, so the book is suitable for courses
taken in geophysics by all undergraduate students. It will also be
of use to postgraduate students who might wish to include
geophysics in their studies and to all professional geologists who
wish to discover the breadth of the subject in connection with
their own work.
Autorentext
Philip Kearey gained a B.Sc. in Geology and a Ph.D. in Geophysics at the University of Durham. After two years working for the Canadian government he took up a post as Lecturer in Applied Geophysics at the University of Bristol in 1976. He was promoted to Senior Lecturer in 1995. He was elected as Chartered Geologist of the Geological Society in 1991.
Mike Brooks was a Professor of Geology and Head of the Department of Geology at Cardiff University from 1978 to 1993 and is now a Professor Emeritus of the University. From 1993 to 2001 he was the Education and Training Officer of the Geological Society of London.
Ian Hill is Senior Lecturer in Geophysics at the University of Leicester where he teaches Geophysics and Plate Tectonics. He was the first chairman of the Environmental and Industrial Geophysics Group (EIGG) of the Geological Society of London. He is a Chartered Geologist.
Klappentext
An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration
This new edition of a well-established text is fully updated to reflect the important developments in geophysical methods since the production of the previous edition. The broad scope of previous editions is maintained, with even greater clarity of explanations from the revised text and extensively revised figures. Each of the major geophysical methods is treated systematically, developing the theory behind the method and detailing the instrumentation, field data acquisition techniques, data processing and interpretation methods. The practical application of each method to such diverse exploration applications as petroleum, groundwater, engineering, environmental and forensic is shown by case histories.
The mathematics required in order to understand the text is purposely kept to a minimum, so the book is suitable for courses taken in geophysics by all undergraduate students. It will also be of use to postgraduate students who might wish to include geophysics in their studies and to all professional geologists who wish to discover the breadth of the subject in connection with their own work.
Zusammenfassung
This new edition of the well-established Kearey and Brooks text is fully updated to reflect the important developments in geophysical methods since the production of the previous edition. The broad scope of previous editions is maintained, with even greater clarity of explanations from the revised text and extensively revised figures. Each of the major geophysical methods is treated systematically developing the theory behind the method and detailing the instrumentation, field data acquisition techniques, data processing and interpretation methods. The practical application of each method to such diverse exploration applications as petroleum, groundwater, engineering, environmental and forensic is shown by case histories.
The mathematics required in order to understand the text is purposely kept to a minimum, so the book is suitable for courses taken in geophysics by all undergraduate students. It will also be of use to postgraduate students who might wish to include geophysics in their studies and to all professional geologists who wish to discover the breadth of the subject in connection with their own work.
Inhalt
Preface ix
1 The principles and limitations of geophysical exploration methods 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The survey methods 1
1.3 The problem of ambiguity in geophysical interpretation 6
1.4 The structure of the book 7
2 Geophysical data processing 8
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Digitization of geophysical data 8
2.3 Spectral analysis 10
2.4 Waveform processing 13
2.4.1 Convolution 13
2.4.2 Deconvolution 16
2.4.3 Correlation 16
2.5 Digital filtering 17
2.5.1 Frequency filters 18
2.5.2 Inverse (deconvolution) filters 19
2.6 Imaging and modelling 19
Problems 20
Further reading 20
3 Elements of seismic surveying 21
3.1 Introduction 21
3.2 Stress and strain 21
3.3 Seismic waves 22
3.3.1 Body waves 23
3.3.2 Surface waves 24
3.3.3 Waves and rays 25
3.4 Seismic wave velocities of rocks 26
3.5 Attenuation of seismic energy along ray paths 27
3.6 Ray paths in layered media 28
3.6.1 Reflection and transmission of normally incident seismic rays 28
3.6.2 Reflection and refraction of obliquely incident rays 30
3.6.3 Critical refraction 31
3.6.4 Diffraction 31
3.7 Reflection and refraction surveying 32
3.8 Seismic data acquisition systems 33
3.8.1 Seismic sources and the seismic/acoustic spectrum 34
3.8.2 Seismic transducers 39
3.8.3 Seismic recording systems 41
Problems 42
Further reading 42
4 Seismic reflection surveying 43
4.1 Introduction 43
4.2 Geometry of reflected ray paths 43
4.2.1 Single horizontal reflector 43
4.2.2 Sequence of horizontal reflectors 45
4.2.3 Dipping reflector 46
4.2.4 Ray paths of multiple reflections 47
4.3 The reflection seismogram 48
4.3.1 The seismic trace 48
4.3.2 The shot gather 49
4.3.3 The CMP gather 50
4.4 Multichannel reflection survey design 51
4.4.1 Vertical and horizontal resolution 52
4.4.2 Design of detector arrays 53
4.4.3 Common mid-point (CMP) surveying 54
4.4.4 Display of seismic reflection data 57
4.5 Time corrections applied to seismic traces 57
4.6 Static correction 57
4.7 Velocity analysis 59
4.8 Filtering of seismic data 61
4.8.1 Frequency filtering 62
4.8.2 Inverse filtering (deconvolution) 62
4.8.3 Velocity filtering 65
4.9 Migration of reflection data 67
4.10 3D seismic reflection surveys 72
4.11 Three component (3C) seismic reflection surveys 76
4.12 4D seismic reflection surveys 77
4.13 Vertical seismic profiling 79
4.14 Interpretation of seismic reflection data 80
4.14.1 Structural analysis 81
4.14.2 Stratigraphical analysis (seismic stratigraphy) 82
4.14.3 Seismic modelling 84
4.14.4 Seismic attribute analysis 85
4.15 Single-channel marine reflection profiling 86
4.15.1 Shallow marine seismic sources 89
4.15.2 Sidescan sonar systems 90
4.16 Applications of seismic reflection surveying 92
Problems 97
Further reading 98
5 Seismic refraction surveying 99
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 Geometry of refracted ray paths: planar interfaces 99