The leading text in the field explains step by step how to write
software that responds in real time

From power plants to medicine to avionics, the world
increasingly depends on computer systems that can compute and
respond to various excitations in real time. The Fourth Edition
of Real-Time Systems Design and Analysis gives software
designers the knowledge and the tools needed to create real-time
software using a holistic, systems-based approach. The text covers
computer architecture and organization, operating systems, software
engineering, programming languages, and compiler theory, all from
the perspective of real-time systems design.

The Fourth Edition of this renowned text brings it
thoroughly up to date with the latest technological advances and
applications. This fully updated edition includes coverage of the
following concepts:

* Multidisciplinary design challenges

* Time-triggered architectures

* Architectural advancements

* Automatic code generation

* Peripheral interfacing

* Life-cycle processes

The final chapter of the text offers an expert perspective on
the future of real-time systems and their applications.

The text is self-contained, enabling instructors and readers to
focus on the material that is most important to their needs and
interests. Suggestions for additional readings guide readers to
more in-depth discussions on each individual topic. In addition,
each chapter features exercises ranging from simple to challenging
to help readers progressively build and fine-tune their ability to
design their own real-time software programs.

Now fully up to date with the latest technological advances and
applications in the field, Real-Time Systems Design and
Analysis remains the top choice for students and software
engineers who want to design better and faster real-time systems at
minimum cost.

PHILLIP A. LAPLANTE, PhD, PE, is Professor of Software
Engineering at Penn State, where he specializes in software and
systems engineering, project management, and software testing and
security. Dr. Laplante spent several years as a software engineer
and project manager working on avionics, computer-aided design, and
software test systems. He has authored or edited twenty-seven books
and has published more than 200 scholarly articles.

SEPPO J. OVASKA, DSc, is Professor of Industrial
Electronics at Aalto University, Finland. He has served as a
visiting scholar at Utah State University, Virginia Tech, and the
University of Passau, Germany, and has published more than 100
articles in peer-reviewed journals. Prior to his academic career,
Dr. Ovaska developed control systems for high-rise elevators; those
contributions led to nine international patents.

From power plants to medicine to avionics, the world increasingly depends on computer systems that can compute and respond to various excitations in real time. The Fourth Edition of Real-Time Systems Design and Analysis gives software designers the knowledge and the tools needed to create real-time software using a holistic, systems-based approach. The text covers computer architecture and organization, operating systems, software engineering, programming languages, and compiler theory, all from the perspective of real-time systems design.

The Fourth Edition of this renowned text brings it thoroughly up to date with the latest technological advances and applications. This fully updated edition includes coverage of the following concepts:

• Multidisciplinary design challenges

• Time-triggered architectures

• Architectural advancements

• Automatic code generation

• Peripheral interfacing

• Life-cycle processes

The final chapter of the text offers an expert perspective on the future of real-time systems and their applications.

The text is self-contained, enabling instructors and readers to focus on the material that is most important to their needs and interests. Suggestions for additional readings guide readers to more in-depth discussions on each individual topic. In addition, each chapter features exercises ranging from simple to challenging to help readers progressively build and fine-tune their ability to design their own real-time software programs.

Now fully up to date with the latest technological advances and applications in the field, Real-Time Systems Design and Analysis remains the top choice for students and software engineers who want to design better and faster real-time systems at minimum cost.

Acknowledgments xxi

1 Fundamentals of Real-Time Systems 1

1.1 Concepts and Misconceptions, 2

1.1.1 Definitions for Real-Time Systems, 2

1.1.2 Usual Misconceptions, 14

1.2 Multidisciplinary Design Challenges, 15

1.2.1 Influencing Disciplines, 16

1.3 Birth and Evolution of Real-Time Systems, 16

1.3.1 Diversifying Applications, 17

1.3.2 Advancements behind Modern Real-Time Systems, 19

1.4 Summary, 21

1.5 Exercises, 24

References, 25

2 Hardware for Real-Time Systems 27

2.1 Basic Processor Architecture, 28

2.1.1 Von Neumann Architecture, 29

2.1.2 Instruction Processing, 30

2.1.3 Input/Output and Interrupt Considerations, 33

2.2 Memory Technologies, 36

2.2.1 Different Classes of Memory, 36

2.2.2 Memory Access and Layout Issues, 38

2.2.3 Hierarchical Memory Organization, 41

2.3 Architectural Advancements, 43

2.3.1 Pipelined Instruction Processing, 45

2.3.2 Superscalar and Very Long Instruction Word Architectures, 46

2.3.3 Multi-Core Processors, 48

2.3.4 Complex Instruction Set versus Reduced Instruction Set, 50

2.4 Peripheral Interfacing, 52

2.4.1 Interrupt-Driven Input/Output, 53

2.4.2 Direct Memory Access, 56

2.4.3 Analog and Digital Input/Output, 58

2.5 Microprocessor versus Microcontroller, 62

2.5.1 Microprocessors, 62

2.5.2 Standard Microcontrollers, 64

2.5.3 Custom Microcontrollers, 66

2.6 Distributed Real-Time Architectures, 68

2.6.1 Fieldbus Networks, 68

2.6.2 Time-Triggered Architectures, 71

2.7 Summary, 73

2.8 Exercises, 74

References, 76

3 Real-Time Operating Systems 79

3.1 From Pseudokernels to Operating Systems, 80

3.1.1 Miscellaneous Pseudokernels, 82

3.1.2 Interrupt-Only Systems, 87

3.1.3 Preemptive Priority Systems, 90

3.1.4 Hybrid Scheduling Systems, 90

3.1.5 The Task Control Block Model, 95

3.2 Theoretical Foundations of Scheduling, 97

3.2.1 Scheduling Framework, 98

3.2.2 Round-Robin Scheduling, 99

3.2.3 Cyclic Code Scheduling, 100

3.2.4 Fixed-Priority Scheduling: Rate-Monotonic Approach, 102

3.2.5 Dynamic Priority Scheduling: Earliest Deadline First Approach, 104

3.3 System Services for Application Programs, 106

3.3.1 Linear Buffers, 107

3.3.2 Ring Buffers, 109

3.3.3 Mailboxes, 110

3.3.4 Semaphores, 112

3.3.5 Deadlock and Starvation Problems, 114

3.3.6 Priority Inversion Problem, 118

3.3.7 Timer and Clock Services, 122

3.3.8 Application Study: A Real-Time Structure, 123

3.4 Memory Management Issues, 127

3.4.1 Stack and Task Control Block Management, 127

3.4.2 Multiple-Stack Arrangement, 128

3.4.3 Memory Management in the Task …