This book represents the second, fully revised edition of the original volume published in 1982. Experience in neuroradiology has confirmed the outstanding value of computed tomography (CT) for the diagnosis of space-occupying lesions within the skull and orbit. It might be assumed, then, that the second edition of this book would simply represent a numerically expanded continua­ tion of the popular first edition. That is not the case, however. Advances in imaging techniques have promp­ ted the creation of a new book whose expanded title reflects its more comprehen­ sive nature. The added illustrations, the revised text, and the expanded circle of editors and contributors document this. Since publication of the first edition, a new modality, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), has become an established neuroradiologic study. We felt it was essential to include this new modality in our book and explore its capabilities as an adjunct or alternative to CT scanning. Because of the high acquisition costs of MRI and the still small number of MR units currently in operation, we have relied in part on images furnished by other institutions and private practitioners, to whom we are indebted. Many problems relating to MR, both in terms of equipment and image interpretation, have yet to be resolved. There is no denying that we still have much to learn.

A. Introduction.- B. Classification of Brain Tumors.- 1. History and Problems of Tumor Classification.- 2. Specific Tumors.- C. Technique of CT and MR Examinations.- 1. Technique of CT Examination.- a) CT Scanners.- b) Preparation for CT and Conduct of the Examination.- c) Intravenous Contrast Injection.- d) Intrathecal Contrast Injection.- e) Interpretation of CT Images.- f) Differential Diagnosis of Tissue Type.- 2. Technique of MR Examination.- a) Basic Physical Principles of MRI.- b) Pulse Sequences.- c) Image Contrast.- d) Practical Approach to MR Examination of the Brain.- e) Image Interpretation.- f) Contrast-Enhanced MRI.- 3. MR Spectroscopy.- a) Basic Principles of MR Spectroscopy.- b) Experimental Considerations.- c) Metabolic Studies.- d) Clinical MR Spectroscopy.- e) 1H Spectroscopy.- f) 31P Spectroscopy.- g) Relaxation Time Measurements.- h) Outlook.- D. CT and MR Imaging of Brain Tumors.- Patient Population.- 1. Autochthonous Brain Tumors.- a) Astrocytomas.- b) Anaplastic Astrocytomas.- c) Oligodendrogliomas.- d) Mixed Gliomas.- e) Diffuse Gliomatosis.- f) Glioblastomas.- g) Pilocytic Astrocytomas.- h) Pontine Gliomas.- i) Ependymomas.- j) Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytomas.- k) Nerve Cell Tumors.- l) Medulloblastomas.- m) Malignant Lymphomas.- n) Monstrocellular Sarcomas.- o) Fibrous Histiocytomas.- p) Histiocytosis X.- q) Choroid Plexus Papillomas.- r) Tumors of the Pineal Region.- 2. Meningeal Tumors.- a) Meningiomas.- b) Malignant Meningiomas, Meningeal Sarcomas.- c) Hemangiopericytomas.- d) Primary Meningeal Melanomas and Leptomeningeal Melanosis.- e) Dural Fibromas.- 3. Neurinomas.- a) Acoustic Neurinomas.- b) Trigeminal Neurinomas.- c) Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's Disease).- 4. Pituitary Adenomas.- 5. Hemangioblastomas.- 6. Dysontogenetic Tumors.- a) Hamartomas.- b) Cavernous Hemangiomas.- c) Craniopharyngiomas.- d) Colloid Cysts of the Third Ventricle.- e) Endodermal Cysts.- f) Lipomas.- g) Epidermoids, Dermoids, Teratomas.- h) Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors of the CNS (PNET).- 7. Intracranial Tumors of Skeletal Origin.- a) Osteomas.- b) Chondromas.- c) Chordomas.- 8. Locally Invasive Tumors.- a) Cavernous Hemangiomas of the Skull Base.- b) Paragangliomas.- c) Angiofibromas.- d) Paranasal Sinus Carcinomas.- e) Adenoid Cystic Carcinomas.- f) Rhabdomyosarcomas.- g) Esthesioneuroblastomas.- 9. Intracranial Metastases.- E. CT and MR Imaging of Lesions of Skull Base and Cranial Vault.- 1. Skull Base.- Examination Technique.- Pathologic Findings.- a) Intracranial Mass Lesions Involving the Skull Base.- b) Primary Lesions of the Skull Base or Frontobasal Region.- c) Primary Extracranial Tumors with Secondary Infiltration of the Skull Base.- d) Bone Metastases of the Skull Base.- Conclusions.- 2. Cranial Vault.- F. CT and MR Imaging of Non-neoplastic Intracranial Masses.- 1. Inflammatory Lesions.- a) Brain Abscesses.- b) Subdural Empyemas and Epidural Abscesses.- c) Meningoencephalitides.- 2. Granulomatous Lesions.- a) Gummas.- b) Tuberculomas.- c) Granulomas in Sarcoidosis.- 3. Parasitic Diseases.- a) Cysticercosis.- b) Echinococcosis.- 4. Brain Diseases Associated with AIDS.- a) Infections.- b) Neoplasms.- 5. Cysts.- a) Arachnoid Cysts.- b) Dandy-Walker Cysts.- c) Other Cysts.- d) Primary Aqueduct Stenoses and Obstructions of the Foramina of Luschka and Magendie.- 6. Postoperative Lesions and Radionecrosis.- 7. Acute Demyelinating Diseases.- a) Disseminated Encephalomyelitis.- b) Diffuse Sclerosis.- 8. Intracranial Hemorrhages.- a) Spontaneous Intracranial Hemorrhages.- b) Old Hemorrhages, Chocolate Cysts.- c) Chronic Subdural Hematomas.- 9. Vascular Malformations.- a) Aneurysms.- b) Arteriovenous Angiomas.- c) Sturge-Weber Syndrome.- d) Basilar Artery Ectasia.- 10. Cerebral Infarction (Arterial and Venous).- a) Postinfarction Edema with Mass Effect.- b) Cerebral Infarction in the Stage of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption.- c) Postinfarction Hemorrhage with Mass Effect.- d) Cerebral Venous or Sinus Thrombosis with Edema and/or Hemorrhage.- G. CT and MR Imaging of Orbital Lesions.- 1. Benign Tumors.- 2. Malignant Tumors.- 3. Inflammatory Processes.- 4. Malformations and Posttraumatic States.- 5. Endocrine Ophthalmopathy.- Summary.- H. Impact of CT and MR on the Diagnostic Evaluation of Neurologic and Neurosurgical Diseases.- References.