In the present scenario, the basic concept of agricultural development is aimed at full exploitation of natural resources for human needs on sustainable basis for longer period of time. This concept needs a thorough review in 21st century with multitude of problems emerging at every front. In the name of satisfying the human needs, the reckless practices being followed for quite some time have become detrimental to the agro-ecosystem in the modern agriculture. The emphasis has been on producing more with scant regard for agro-ecosystem. It is now realized that the damage to the agro-ecosystem is causing irreversible adverse impact on the agricultural production systems in many parts of the world. The newer agricultural systems to feed the growing population without affecting the sustainability aspects in the 21st century need to be developed with utmost care and consideration. The major challenges to be addressed are include global warming and climate change, food and nutritional security for bourgeoning population, decreasing arable land due to urbanization, sustainability of agriculture, maintaining the nutritional quality of the food, natural resource management, increasing dependence on food grains, biodiversity conservation and utilization etc. Further for heralding the new Rainbow Revolution in Agriculture instead of renewing the erstwhile green revolution with several lop sided practices, there is a need to work for all-round development of agriculture. In the present book, the editors have endeavored to put together all the related information to address the above challenges of the global agriculture and the strategies tackle them. Through 26 chapters contributed by the experts in their field related to crop production, animal husbandry, biodiversity conservation, resource conservation technologies (RCTs), horticulture, biotechnology etc. in this book, an effort has been made to give the readers an up-to-date information at one place.