This work aims to provide teachers at all levels and in all subjects with a greater range of practical methods for probing their students' understanding. These probes are presented in the manner of a starting set, to act as a stimulus to invention, rather than as a comprehensive list.

White, Richard; Gunstone, Richard

The nature of understanding; concept mapping; prediction - observation - explanation; interviews about instances and events; interviews about concepts; drawings; fortune lines; relational diagrams; word association; question production; validity and reliability.