Frequently a substance found at a port of entry, waste site, laboratory triage facility, or even in a hazardous materials emergency will be labeled and purportedly identified. But law enforcement and other first responders cannot take this claim at face value, as the accuracy is not confirmed and must be verified. A comprehensive handbook for on-th

Rick Houghton is a retired Michigan firefighter, paramedic, and hazardous materials technician from the Lansing Fire Department. He has been an instructor at Michigan State University since 1992. He is currently a member of the Livingston County Hazardous Material Response Team and provides training, consultation, and response.

Physical Confirmation Tests. Chemical Confirmation Tests. Instrumentation. Appendix.