A comprehensive reference on state-of-the-art risk assessment
methodologies for drinking water

Risk Assessment for Chemicals in Drinking Water discusses
the major steps and goals in risk assessments and suggests ways to
improve the methodologies and accuracy, while consolidating
up-to-date information on the current principles and practices in
one authoritative reference. After an enlightening overview of risk
assessment practices and regulatory guidelines, it:

* Includes descriptions of the use of variability analysis,
exposure analysis, physiologically based pharmacokinetics, and
modeling for both cancer and non-cancer endpoints

* Describes the practices of major organizations, including the
U.S. EPA, Health Canada, World Health Organization, and California
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment

* Includes complete chapters on risk assessment for essential
nutrients, arsenic, chloroform, and perchlorate

* Explains how to address susceptible sub-populations, including
the elderly and infants and children, in risk assessments

* Covers the potential of using genomic and proteomic
screens

* Addresses recent advances, emerging issues, and future
challenges

With contributions and perspectives from leading scientists, this
is the definitive resource for health and environmental scientists,
toxicologists, risk assessors and managers, regulators,
consultants, and other professionals responsible for the safety of
drinking water.

ROBERT A. HOWD is Chief of the Water Toxicology Section in the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment of the California EPA, supervising the production of California Public Health Goals for chemicals in drinking water. Dr. Howd has authored or coauthored over fifty formal scientific publications and numerous government reports.

ANNA M. FAN is Chief of the Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Branch, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California EPA. Dr. Fan has served on the U.S. EPA Science Advisory Board, Drinking Water Committee; the U.S. EPA Endocrine Disruptors Screening and Testing Advisory Committee; and other national advisory committees. She is an editor of the Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C: Environmental Carcinogenesis and Ecotoxicology Reviews.

Klappentext

A COMPREHENSIVE REFERENCE ON STATE-OF-THE-ART RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES FOR DRINKING WATER

Risk Assessment for Chemicals in Drinking Water discusses the major steps and goals in risk assessments and suggests ways to improve the methodologies and accuracy, while consolidating up-to-date information on the current principles and practices in one authoritative reference. After an enlightening overview of risk assessment practices and regulatory guidelines, it:

• Includes descriptions of the use of variability analysis, exposure analysis, physiologically based pharmacokinetics, and modeling for both cancer and non-cancer endpoints
• Describes the practices of major organizations, including the U.S. EPA, Health Canada, World Health Organization, and California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
• Includes complete chapters on risk assessment for essential nutrients, arsenic, chloroform, and perchlorate
• Explains how to address susceptible sub-populations, including the elderly and infants and children, in risk assessments
• Covers the potential of using genomic and proteomic screens
• Addresses recent advances, emerging issues, and future challenges

With contributions and perspectives from leading scientists, this is the definitive resource for health and environmental scientists, toxicologists, risk assessors and managers, regulators, consultants, and other professionals responsible for the safety of drinking water.

Zusammenfassung
A comprehensive reference on state-of-the-art risk assessment methodologies for drinking water

Risk Assessment for Chemicals in Drinking Water discusses the major steps and goals in risk assessments and suggests ways to improve the methodologies and accuracy, while consolidating up-to-date information on the current principles and practices in one authoritative reference. After an enlightening overview of risk assessment practices and regulatory guidelines, it:

• Includes descriptions of the use of variability analysis, exposure analysis, physiologically based pharmacokinetics, and modeling for both cancer and non-cancer endpoints
• Describes the practices of major organizations, including the U.S. EPA, Health Canada, World Health Organization, and California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
• Includes complete chapters on risk assessment for essential nutrients, arsenic, chloroform, and perchlorate
• Explains how to address susceptible sub-populations, including the elderly and infants and children, in risk assessments
• Covers the potential of using genomic and proteomic screens
• Addresses recent advances, emerging issues, and future challenges

Contributors ix

Foreword xi

Preface xiii

1 Introduction to Drinking Water Risk Assessment 1
Robert A. Howd

Development of Drinking Water Regulations 2

The Risk Assessment Process 8

Public Perceptions and the Precautionary Principle 13

References 14

2 Summary of the Development of Federal Drinking Water Regulations and Health-Based Guidelines for Chemical Contaminants 17
Joyce Morrissey Donohue and Wynne Maynor Miller

Selecting Candidates for Regulatory Consideration 19

Key Components for Regulatory Development 20

Development of Regulatory Values 28

Nonregulatory Options 30

References 32

3 Interpretation of Toxicologic Data for Drinking Water Risk Assessment 35
Robert A. Howd and Anna M. Fan

Animal Toxicity Studies 38

Human Toxicity Studies 47

Conclusions 57

References 57

4 Exposure Source and Multiroute Exposure Considerations for Risk Assessment of Drinking Water Contaminants 67
Kannan Krishnan and Richard Carrier

Exposure Source Considerations in Risk Assessment 68

Routes of Exposure and Dose Calculations 72

References 86

5 Toxicokinetics for Drinking Water Risk Assessment 91
John C. Lipscomb

Evaluation of Toxicity Data 93

Toxicokinetics: PBPK Modeling 95

Risk Assessment 101

Conclusions 117

References 118

6 Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures in Drinking Water 123
Richard C. Hertzberg, Glenn E. Rice, Linda K. Teuschler, J. Michael Wright and Jane E. Simmons

Drinking Water Mixture Concerns 124

Estimating Exposures to Multiple Chemicals in Drinking Water 130

Toxicological Concepts for Joint Toxicity 139

Chemical Mixtures Risk Assessment Methods 143

New Approaches for Assessing Risk from Exposure to Drinking Water Mixtures 155

Conclusions 162

References 163

7 Protection of Infants Children and Other Sensitive Subpopulations 171
George V. Alexeeff and Melanie A. Marty

Factors Influencing Differences in Susceptibility Between Infants and Children and Adults 173

Critical Systems and Periods in Development 185

Age at Exposure and Susceptib…