This comprehensive treatise on the reticuloendothelial system is a project jointly shared by individual members of the Reticuloendothelial (RE) Society and bio­ medical scientists in general who are interested in the intricate system of cells and molecular moieties derived from those cells which constitute the RES. It may now be more fashionable in some quarters to consider these cells as part of what is called the mononuclear phagocytic system or the lymphoreticular sys­ tem. Nevertheless, because of historical developments and current interest in the subject by investigators from many diverse areas, it seems advantageous to present in one comprehensive treatise current information and knowledge con­ cerning basic aspects of the RES, such as morphology, biochemistry, phylogeny and ontogeny, physiology, and pharmacology as well as clinical areas including immunopathology, cancer, infectious diseases, allergy, and hypersensitivity. It is anticipated that by presenting information concerning these apparently het­ erogeneous topics under the unifying umbrella of the RES attention will be focused on the similarities as well as interactions among the cell types constitut­ ing the RES from the viewpoint of various disciplines. The treatise editors and their editorial board, consisting predominantly of the editors of individual vol­ umes, are extremely grateful for the enthusiastic cooperation and enormous task undertaken by members of the biomedical community in general and especially by members of the American as well as European and Japanese Reticuloen­ dothelial Societies.

IV. Regulation and Macrophage Secretions.- 1. Endocrinelike Activities of the RES: An Overview.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Macrophage Factors Regulating Lymphocyte Functions.- 2.1. Interleukin 1 (Lymphocyte-Activating Factor).- 2.2. Thymic Maturation Factor.- 2.3. Genetically Related Factor.- 2.4. Interferon.- 2.5. Glucocorticoid Response-Modifying Factor.- 2.6. Prostaglandins and Oxygen Metabolites.- 3. Macrophage Factors Regulating Nonlymphoid Cells.- 3.1. Leukocytic Endogenous Mediator (Endogenous Pyrogen).- 3.2. Synovial Cell- and Chondrocyte-Stimulating Factors.- 3.3. Serum Amyloid A-Inducing Factor.- 3.4. Fibroblast-Activating Factor and Corneal Cell Factor.- 3.5. Glucocorticoid-Antagonizing Factor and Macrophage Insulinlike Activity.- 4. Macrophage Factors Regulating Cells of the RES.- 4.1. Colony-Stimulating Factor and Factor Inducing Monocytopoiesis.- 4.2. Interferon.- 4.3. Prostaglandins.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 2. Regulation of Complement Synthesis in Mononuclear Phagocytes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical.- 3. Systems Used to Assay for Synthesis of Complement Proteins.- 4. Regulation of Complement Synthesis by Mononuclear Phagocytes.- 4.1. Posttranslational Modification.- 4.2. Effect of Agents Used to Induce a Peritoneal Exudate.- 4.3. Percentage of Mononuclear Phagocytes That Synthesize Complement.- 4.4. Effect of Phagocytosis.- 4.5. Kinetics of Complement Production by Human Peripheral Blood Monocytes and the Effect of Lymphokine on the Rate and Extent of Production.- 4.6. Effect of Culture Surfaces on Capacity of Macrophages and Monocytes to Produce Complement.- 4.7. Effect of Cortisone and Cyclophosphamide.- 4.8. Alteration of Complement Synthesis during Disease States.- 4.9. Miscellaneous.- References.- 3. The Synthesis of Arachidonic Acid Oxygenation Products by Macrophages.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Synthesis of Arachidonic Acid Oxygenation Products via the Cyclooxygenase Pathway in Mononuclear Phagocytes.- 2.1. Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages.- 2.2. Regulation of Prostaglandin Synthesis by Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages.- 2.3. The Phospholipases of Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages.- 2.4. Prostaglandin Synthesis by Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages Is Dependent on RNA and Protein Synthesis.- 2.5. Variations in the Nature and Extent of Cyclooxygenase Product Formation by Resident and Elicited Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages and Mononuclear Phagocytes from Other Sources in the Mouse.- 2.6. The Synthesis of Products of the Cyclooxygenase Pathway by Human Peripheral Blood Monocytes.- 3. Synthesis of Lipoxygenase Pathway Products by Macrophages.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 4. Lysosomal Hydrolases.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Monocyte Granules.- 3. From Monocytes to Macrophages.- 4. The Lysosomal Apparatus of Macrophages.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Subcellular Fractionation of Alveolar Macrophages.- 4.3. Subcellular Fractionation of Peritoneal Macrophages and Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages.- 4.4. Ultrastructure of Alveolar and Peritoneal Macrophages.- 5. Lysosomal Enzyme Levels in Differentiating Macrophages.- 6. The Release of Lysosomal Enzymes from Macrophages.- 6.1. Release into Phagocytic Vacuoles.- 6.2. Release by Secretion.- 7. Stimulus-Induced Secretion of Lysosomal Enzymes.- 7.1. Induction by Phagocytosis.- 7.2. Induction by Nonphagocytic Stimuli.- 7.3. The Mechanism of Lysosomal Enzyme Secretion by Macrophages.- References.- 5. Macrophage Neutral Proteinases: Nature, Regulation, and Role.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nature of Macrophage Neutral Proteinases.- 2.1. Background.- 2.2. General Aspects.- 2.3. Plasminogen Activator.- 3. Localization of Macrophage Neutral Proteinases.- 3.1. General Considerations.- 3.2. Plasminogen Activator.- 4. Regulation of Neutral Proteinase Activities in Macrophages.- 4.1. General Considerations.- 4.2. Inflammation.- 4.3. Endotoxin.- 4.4. Surface Receptors and Endocytosis.- 4.5. Immune Regulation.- 4.6. Colony-Stimulating Factors.- 4.7. Hormonal and Pharmacological Control.- 4.8. Proteinases, Peptides, and Antiproteinases.- 5. Role of Proteinase in Macrophage Function.- 5.1. General Comments.- 5.2. Fibrinolysis.- 5.3. Activation of Plasma Proteinase Cascades.- 5.4. Catabolism of Connective Tissue and Other Proteins.- 5.5. Cell Surfaces, Adherence, and Endocytosis.- 5.6. Macrophage Activation.- 5.7. Macrophage Proliferation.- 5.4. Prostaglandin Synthesis.- 6. Addendum.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 6. Interferon and Macrophages.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Macrophages as Producers of Interferon.- 3. Inducers for Macrophage Interferon Production.- 4. Importance of the Degree of Maturation of the Macrophage for Interferon Production.- 5. Relationships of Macrophage Interferon to Other Macrophage Products.- 6. Kinetics and Process of Interferon Induction in Macrophages.- 7. The Macrophage as an Accessory Cell for Interferon Production.- 8. The Role of Macrophages for in Vivo Interferon Production.- 9. Effects of Interferon on Macrophages.- 10. Concluding Comments.- References.- 7. Leukocytic Endogenous Mediator in Nonspecific Host Defenses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Isolation of LEM and Its Physiochemical Properties.- 2.1. Isolation and Purification.- 2.2. Physiochemical Properties.- 2.3. Differentiation from Bacterial Endotoxin.- 3. Comparison of LEM to IL-1 and EP.- 4. Cells and Conditions Involved in Production and Release of LEM.- 4.1. Cells Which Produce LEM.- 4.2. Activation of Cells to Release LEM.- 4.3. Synthesis and Release Conditions.- 5. Biological Activities of LEM.- 5.1. Neutrophilia and Granulopoiesis.- 5.2. Zinc Metabolism.- 5.3. Iron Metabolism.- 5.4. Copper Metabolism.- 5.5. Acute-Phase Proteins.- 5.6. Protection against Bacterial Infection.- 5.7. Other Biological Activities.- 6. Summary.- References.- V. Clinical Physiology of the RES.- 8. Evaluation of RES Clearances in Man.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods Available for Evaluation of RES Clearances in Man.- 2.1. Detection and Measurement of Spillover of Endogenous Substances.- 2.2. Clearance of Exogenous Test Particles Injected Intravenously.- 2.3. Investigation of Stages in RES Clearances.- 3. Conclusions.- References.- 9. RES Function in Experimental and Human Liver Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. RES Function in Experimental Liver Disease Related to Human Abnormalities.- 2.1. Acute Liver Disease.- 2.2. Chronic Liver Disease.- 2.3. Summary: Influe…