Most successful among the non-human primates in terms of geographical distribution and adaptability to ecological habitats, macaques have existed for many thousands of years in close contact with modern humans, the only primate more successful than them. Centuries-old literary works attest to the fact that macaques have always been an intrinsic part of human lives and imaginations. In their interactions with humans, macaques play multiple roles that often transcend the boundaries of categorization. They are often, simultaneously, wildlife and domestic pets, sentient beings and experimental subjects, crop-raiding pests and religious symbols. In many parts of the tropics, macaques are an economic resource for human communities, as they provide meat and money through tourism and the animal trade. Equally, they cause much damage and bring about great economic losses due to their crop- and house-raiding tendencies. A more recent cause for alarm has been the possibility of transmission of diseases to humans due to contact with macaques. Across Asia, macaques, perhaps more than any other animal species, exemplify the multiple facets of synurbization and the conservation problems of commensal species.

Humans and macaques associate in rather remarkable ways, and this volume explores the tone and nature of those human-macaque connections by focusing on various forms of interactions between macaques and humans, change in human attitudes vis-à-vis macaques over the ages, cultural views on macaques, human-macaque conflict and its conservation implications. Its holistic perspective of the myriad aspects that illustrate the singular relationship between men and macaques makes it essential reading not only for primatologists and anthropologists but also for anyone interested in the intricacies of human-animal relations.

CONTENTS

PREFACE

iii

CONTRIBUTORS

viii

PART I: INTRODUCTION

1

1. The Gulf between Monkeys and Men

Sindhu Radhakrishna

3

PART II: TRADITIONAL VIEWS OF MACAQUES

30

1. The Nature of Love

Harry F Harlow

32

3. The Japanese and Japanese Monkeys: Dissonant Neighbors Seeking Accommodation in aShared Habitat

Yoshihisa Mito and David Sprague

53

1. Songs of Monkeys: Representations of Macaques in Classical Tamil Poetry

Sindhu Radhakrishna

80

PART III: COOPERATIVE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HUMANS AND MACAQUES

112

1. Macaques and Biomedicine: Notes on Decolonization, Polio, and Changing Representations of Indian Rhesus in the United States, 1930-1960

Neel Ahuja

114

1. Macaque Tourism: Implications for their Management and Conservation

Avanti Mallapur

154

1. Pets, Property, and Partners: Macaques as Commodities in the Human-Other PrimateInterface

Agustin Fuentes

180

PART IV: CURRENT SCENARIOS OF HUMAN-MACAQUE CONFLICT

212

1. Gaadli

K. P. Poornachandra Tejaswi

Translated from Kannada by Honnavalli N Kumara and Shantala Kumar

214

1. Macaque-Human Interactions in Past and Present-Day Sri Lanka

Charmalie A. D. Nahallage and Michael A. Huffman

227

1. Monyet Yang Dihargai, Monyet Yang Dibenci: The Human-Macaque Interface in Indonesia

Jeffrey Peterson and Erin Riley

251

1. Out of Asia: The Curious Case of the Barbary Macaque

Bonaventura Majolo, Els van Lavieren, Laetitia Marechal, Ann MacLarnon, Garry Marvin, Mohamed Qarro and StuartSemple

286

PART V: HOW LIVING WITH AND BESIDE HUMANS HAS AFFECTED MACAQUES

317

1. The Monkey in the Town's Commons, Revisited: An Anthropogenic History of the Indian Bonnet Macaque

Anindya Sinha and Kakoli Mukhopadhyay

319

1. Genetic Consequences of Anthropogenic Effects on Macaques

Debapriyo Chakraborty and David Glenn Smith

358

1. Managing Humans, Managing Macaques: Human-Macaque Conflict in Asia and Africa

Nancy E. C. Priston and Matthew R. McLennan

391

INDEX