This monograph provides foundations, methods, guidelines and examples for monitoring and improving resource efficiency during the operation of processing plants and for improving their design.

The measures taken to improve their energy and resource efficiency are strongly influenced by regulations and standards which are covered in Part I of this book. Without changing the actual processing equipment, the way how the processes are operated can have a strong influence on the resource efficiency of the plants and this potential can be exploited with much smaller investments than needed for the introduction of new process technologies. This aspect is the focus of Part II. In Part III we discuss physical changes of the process technology such as heat integration, synthesis and realization of optimal processes, and industrial symbiosis.

The last part deals with the people that are needed to make these changes possible and discusses the path towards a resource efficiency culture.

Written with industrial solutions in mind, this text will benefit practitioners as well as the academic community.

Dr. Stefan Krämer is Energy Manager at the petrochemical site of INEOS in Köln, Germany. He joined INEOS in 2004 as an Advanced Control Engineer, later managed over a group of APC and DCS Engineers and in his current role is head of a team for energy management and energy optimization. Operating the site wide energy management system, making sure that the power generation and distribution is operated in a commercially optimal way, and coordinating energy and resource efficiency projects is part of his responsibilities. In two EU-funded research projects, the EU FP 7 project MORE and currently the EU Horizon 2020 SPIRE project CoPro, both dealing with resource efficiency, he acts as Industrial Application Coordinator. Stefan Krämer also co-leads the topic "Energy Efficiency" in the pan-INEOS "Carbon and Energy Network".
He is the former chairman of the NAMUR working group on Process Dynamics and Operations and currently the chairman of the NAMUR working group on Energy Efficiency and member of a sister working group in VIK.
Stefan Krämer received his PhD at Technische Universität Dortmund (Germany), where he still teaches Batch Process Operation. He managed to build a reputation in the area of process control and energy efficiency and keeps publishing practical and scientific contributions in the areas of process modelling, process control, energy management and energy and resource efficiency.

Dr. Sebastian Engell has been Professor and Chair of Process Dynamics and Operations in the Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering at Technische Universität Dortmund (Germany) since 1990.
Professor Engell is an internationally renowned scientist in the field of process control and process operations and has published more than 400 scientific papers. He has been involved in several cooperative projects with industry, among others the EU FP 7 projects DYMASOS and MORE, and currently coordinates the EU Horizon 2020 SPIRE project CoPro - Improved energy and resource efficiency by better coordination of production in the process industries.
Professor Engell is a recipient of a European Research Council Advanced Investigator Grant and Fellow of the International Federation of Automatic Control. He received best paper awards from Journal of Process Control in 2007 and Computers and Chemical Engineering in 2016. He also edited the book "Logistics of Chemical Production Processes" published by Wiley-VCH.

Preface xvii

Part I Resource Efficiency Metrics and Standardised Management Systems 1

1 Energy and Resource Efficiency in the Process Industries 3
Stefan Krämer and Sebastian Engell

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Energy and Resources 4

1.2.1 What DoWe Mean by Energy and Resources? 4

1.2.2 Classification of Energy and Resources 5

1.3 Energy and Resource Efficiency 6

1.4 Evaluation of Energy and Resource Efficiency 6

1.5 Evaluation of Energy and Resource Efficiency in Real Time 8

1.6 The Chemical and Process Industry 8

1.6.1 Introduction 8

1.6.2 The Structure of the EU Chemical Industry 9

1.6.3 Energy and Raw Material Use of the Chemical Industry 9

1.7 Recent and Potential Improvements in Energy and Resource Consumption of the Chemical and Process Industries 10

1.8 What Can Be Done to Further Improve the Resource Efficiency of the Process Industry? 11

1.8.1 Make a Plan, Set Targets and Validate the Achievements 11

1.8.2 Measure and Improve Operations 12

1.8.3 Improve the Process 14

1.8.4 Integrate with Other Industrial Sectors and with the Regional Municipal Environment 15

1.8.5 Don't Forget the People 15

1.9 Conclusions 15

References 16

2 Standards, Regulations and Requirements Concerning Energy and Resource Efficiency 19
Jan U. Lieback, Jochen Buser, David Kroll, Nico Behrendt, and SeánOppermann

2.1 Introducing a Long-Term Development 19

2.1.1 Historical Background and Reasoning 19

2.1.2 Relation of CO2 Emissions and Energy Efficiency 20

2.1.3 EU Goals for Energy Efficiency 21

2.1.4 Energy EfficiencyWorldwide 22

2.1.5 Growing EU Concern on Resource Efficiency 23

2.2 Normative Approaches on Energy and Resource Efficiency 24

2.2.1 Management Systems, Aim and Construction 24

2.2.2 From Precursors towards the ISO 50001 25

2.2.3 Basics of ISO 50001 and Dissemination 26

2.2.4 Energy Efficiency Developments in Germany 27

2.2.5 ISO 50001 and ISO 50004 28

2.2.5.1 ISO 50001 28

2.2.5.2 ISO 50004 28

2.2.6 ISO 50003 and Companions ISO 50006 and 50015 29

2.2.7 EN 16247 and ISO 50002 29

2.2.8 New Standards 31

2.2.9 Normative Approaches Regarding Resource Efficiency 32

2.2.10 Perspectives 33

2.3 Achievements of Energy and Resource Management 34

2.3.1 Energy Baseline (EnB) and Energy Performance Indicators (EnPIs), Controlling Efficiency Improvement 34

2.3.2 Developing EnPIs, Measuring and Verification of Energy Performance 34

2.3.3 Hierarchy of Measures 36

2.3.4 Energy and Resource Efficiency in the Context of Energy Management 36

2.3.5 Examples of Measures 37

2.4 Conclusion 38

References 39

3 Energy and Resource Efficiency Reporting 45
Marjukka Kujanpää, Tiina Pajula, and HelenaWessman-Jääskeläinen

3.1 Executive Summary 45

3.2 Introduction 45

3.3 Obligatory Reporting Mechanisms 47

3.3.1 EU Directive on Industrial Emissions (IED) 47

3.3.2 EU Directive on Non-Financial Reporting 48

3.4 Voluntary Reporting Mechanisms 49

3.4.1 Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) 49

3.4.2 OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 49

3.4.3 UN Global Compact 50

3.4.4 Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) 51

3.4.5 Integrated Reporting and the Framework 52

3.4.6 GHG protocol 54

3.4.7 ISO 14000 Series 54

3.4.8 Environmental Labels 55

3.4.9 Environmental Product Footprint and Organisational Footprint (PEF, OEF) 59

3.5 Other Reporting Mechanisms 59

3.5.1 Key Performance Indicators 59

3.6 Summary of the Energy and Resource Efficiency Reporting Requirements 60

References 61

4 Energy Efficiency Audits 65
Gunther...