Positioning in Wireless Communications Systems explains the principal differences and similarities of wireless communications systems and navigation systems. It discusses scenarios which are critical for dedicated navigation systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) and which motivate the use of positioning based on terrestrial wireless communication systems.
The book introduces approaches for determination of parameters which are dependent on the position of the mobile terminal and also discusses iterative algorithms to estimate and track the position of the mobile terminal. Models for radio propagation and user mobility are important for performance investigations and assessments using computer simulations. Thus, channel and mobility models are explored, especially focussing on critical navigation environments like urban or indoor scenarios.
Positioning in Wireless Communications Systems examines advanced algorithms such as hybrid data fusion of satellite navigation and positioning with wireless communications and cooperative positioning among mobile terminals.. The performance of the discussed positioning techniques are explored on the basis of already existing and operable terrestrial wireless communication systems such as GSM, UMTS, or LTE and it is shown how positioning issues are fixed in respective standards.
Written by industry experts working at the cutting edge of technological development, the authors are well placed to give an excellent view on this topic, enabling in-depth coverage of current developments.
Key features . Unique in its approach to dealing with a heterogeneous system approach, different cell structures and signal proposals for future communications systems . Covers hybrid positioning investigating how GNSS and wireless communications positioning complement each other . Applications and exploitation of positioning information are discussed to show the benefits of including this information in several parts of a wireless communications system
Autorentext
Stephan Sand is a senior research engineerat the Institute of Communications and Navigation, German Aerospace Center. He has spent several months on research visits to both NTT DoCoMo R&D, Yokosuka, Japan and the Communication Technology Institute of Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Switzerland.
Dr Armin Dammann has been head of the Mobile Radio Transmission Group since 2005 at the Institute of Communications and Navigation, German Aerospace Center. Previously to this he was a member of the research staff since 1995. He has published numerous journal articles and conference papers.
Christian Mensing formerly of the Institute of Communications and Navigation of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany, and now (2013)? with Rohde and Schwarz. His research interests include location strategies in cellular networks and satellite-based navigation systems, and efficient iterative detection techniques.
Klappentext
Positioning in Wireless Communications Systems explains the principal differences and similarities of wireless communications systems and navigation systems. It discusses scenarios that are critical for dedicated navigation systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS), and which motivate the use of positioning based on terrestrial wireless communication systems.
The book introduces approaches for determining parameters that are dependent on the position of the mobile terminal and also discusses iterative algorithms to estimate and track positions. Models for radio propagation and user mobility are important for performance investigations and assessments using computer simulations. Thus, channel and mobility models are explored, particularly focusing on critical navigation environments such as urban and indoor scenarios.
Positioning in Wireless Communications Systems examines advanced algorithms such as hybrid data fusion of satellite navigation, and positioning with wireless communications and cooperative positioning among mobile terminals. The performance of the discussed positioning techniques are explored on the basis of already existing and operable terrestrial wireless communication systems such as GSM, UMTS, or LTE and how positioning issues are fixed in respective standards is shown.
Written by industry experts working at the cutting edge of technological development, the authors are well-placed to give an excellent viewpoint on this topic, enabling in-depth coverage of current developments.
Key features
- Unique in its approach to dealing with a heterogeneous system approach, different cell structures, and signal proposals for future communications systems.
- Covers hybrid positioning investigating how GNSS and wireless communications positioning complement each other.
- Applications and exploitation of positioning information are discussed to show the benefits of including this information in several parts of a wireless communications system.
Inhalt
About the Authors ix
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xiii
List of Abbreviations xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Ground Based Positioning Systems 4
1.1.1 DECCA 4
1.1.2 LORAN 5
1.1.3 OMEGA 6
1.2 Satellite Based Positioning Systems 6
1.2.1 GPS 8
1.2.2 GLONASS 11
1.2.3 Galileo 11
1.3 GNSS Augmentation Systems 13
1.3.1 Differential GNSS DGNSS 14
1.3.2 Wide Area Augmentation System WAAS 15
1.3.3 European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service EGNOS 16
1.3.4 Multi-Functional Satellite Augmentation System MSAS 17
1.3.5 GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation GAGAN 17
1.4 Critical Environments 17
2 Positioning Principles 21
2.1 Propagation Time 22
2.1.1 Time of Arrival TOA 23
2.1.2 Time Difference of Arrival TDOA 26
2.1.3 Round-Trip Time of Arrival RTTOA 28
2.1.4 Comparison of Circular and Hyperbolic Positioning 30
2.2 Angle of Arrival AOA 32
2.2.1 Two-Dimensional 32
2.2.2 Three-Dimensional 33
2.2.3 AOA in the Uplink 35
2.2.4 The Problem of Non-Line-of-Sight Propagation 35
2.3 Fingerprinting 35
2.3.1 Cell-ID 36
2.3.2 Received Signal Strength RSS 37
2.3.3 Power Delay Profile PDP 38
3 Measurements and Parameter Extraction 41
3.1 Parameter Estimation 41
3.1.1 The Estimation Problem 41
3.1.2 Cramér Rao Lower Bound CRLB 43
3.2 Propagation Time 46
3.2.1 Cramér Rao Lower Bound for Time Estimation 47
3.2.2 Timing Estimation in White Gaussian Noise 51
3.3 Angle of Arrival AOA 59
3.3.1 Uniform Linear Array Antenna 59
3.3.2 AOA Estimation in Additive White Gaussian Noise 63
3.3.3 Cramér Rao Lower Bound for AOA Estimation 65
4 Position Estimation 69
4.1 Triangulation 69
4.1.1 Triangulation with Ideal Measurements 70
4.1.2 Triangulation with Erroneous Measurements 79
4.2 Trilateration 82
4.2.1 Trilateration with Ideal Measurements 83
4.2.2 Trilateration with Erroneous Measurements 84
4.3 Multilateration 88
4.3.1 Multilateration with Ideal Measurements 88
4.3.2 Multilateration with Erroneous Measurements 91
4.4 Fingerprinting 93
4.5 Performance Bounds and Measures 94
4.5.1 Root Mean Square Error RMSE 94
4.5.2 Cumulative Distribution Function CDF 94
4.5.3 Circular Error Probability CEP 94
4.5.4 Positioning Cramér Rao Lower Bound CRLB 95
4.5.5 Dilution of Precision DOP 96
4.5.6 Complexity 99
5 Position Tracking 101
5.1 Kalman Filter 104
5.2 Extended Kalman Filter 108
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