Provides an overview of the different pathways to produce Synthetic Natural Gas
* Covers technological, and economic aspects of this Synthetic Natural Gas
* Details the most popular technologies and state-of-the-art of SNG technologies while also covering recent and future research trends
* Covers the main process steps during conversion of coal and dry biomass to SNG: gasification, gas cleaning, methanation and gas upgrading
* Describes a number of novel processes for the production of SNG with their specific combination of process steps as well as the boundary conditions
* Covers important technical aspects of Power-to-Gas processes
Autorentext
Tilman J. Schildhauer is a Senior Scientist at Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland since 2005, working mainly in the field of converting dry biomass to Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) and electricity. These activities aim at developing sustainable and (energetically and economically) efficient processes based on the analysis of the complete process chain on the one hand and investigation of the fundamentals of the crucial process steps on the other hand. Since 2014, he is also Scientific Coordinator of the Energy Systems Integration platform at Paul Scherrer Institut. Dr. Schildhauer has authored over 60 scientific papers and two book chapters.
Serge Biollaz is the Head of the Thermal Process Engineering group at Paul Scherrer Institut since 2000. In 2006/2007 he spent a sabbatical leave at Gas Technology Institute (GTI), Chicago, USA, working on catalytic biomass gasification, hot gas cleaning and integration of biomass/coal gasification with high temperature fuel cells (SOFC). Serge Biollaz co-authored more than 50 scientific papers and is national expert in the IEA Bioenergy, Task 33 Thermal gasification of biomass (since 2003), as well as expert on SNG in the European Biofuels Technology Platform (EBTP), WG2 "Conversion" (since 2009).
Inhalt
List of Contributors xi
1 Introductory Remarks 1
Tilman J. Schildhauer
1.1 Why Produce Synthetic Natural Gas? 1
1.2 Overview 3
2 Coal and Biomass Gasification for SNG Production 5
Stefan Heyne, Martin Seemann, and Tilman J. Schildhauer
2.1 Introduction Basic Requirements for Gasification in the Framework of SNG Production 5
2.2 Thermodynamics of Gasification 6
2.2.1 Gasification Reactions 7
2.2.2 Overall Gasification Process Equilibrium Based Considerations 7
2.2.3 Gasification A Multi?]step Process Deviating from Equilibrium 11
2.2.4 Heat Management of the Gasification Process 13
2.2.5 Implication of Thermodynamic Considerations for Technology Choice 18
2.3 Gasification Technologies 18
2.3.1 Entrained Flow 19
2.3.2 Fixed Bed 20
2.3.3 Direct Fluidized Bed 22
2.3.4 Indirect Fluidized Bed Gasification 27
2.3.5 Hydrogasification and Catalytic Gasification 34
References 37
3 Gas Cleaning 41
Urs Rhyner
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Impurities 42
3.2.1 Particulate Matter 42
3.2.2 Tars 43
3.2.3 Sulfur Compounds 43
3.2.4 Halide Compounds 44
3.2.5 Alkali Compounds 44
3.2.6 Nitrogen Compounds 44
3.2.7 Other Impurities 44
3.3 Cold, Warm and Hot Gas Cleaning 45
3.3.1 Example of B?]IGFC Gas Cleaning Process Chains 45
3.4 Gas Cleaning Technologies 47
3.4.1 Particulate Matter 47
3.4.2 Tars 52
3.4.3 Sulfur Compounds 57
3.4.4 Hydrodesulfurization 59
3.4.5 Chlorine (Halides) 60
3.4.6 Alkali 61
3.4.7 Nitrogen?]containing Compounds 61
3.4.8 Other Impurities 62
3.5 Reactive Hot Gas Filter 62
References 65
4 Methanation for Synthetic Natural Gas Production Chemical Reaction Engineering Aspects 77
Tilman J. Schildhauer
4.1 Methanation The Synthesis Step in the Production of Synthetic Natural Gas 77
4.1.1 Feed Gas Mixtures for Methanation Reactors 79
4.1.2 Thermodynamic Equilibrium 82
4.1.3 Methanation Catalysts: Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms 88
4.1.4 Catalyst Deactivation 97
4.2 Methanation Reactor Types 107
4.2.1 Adiabatic Fixed Bed Reactors 109
4.2.2 Cooled Reactors 117
4.2.3 Comparison of Methanation Reactor Concepts 129
4.3 Modeling and Simulation of Methanation Reactors 132
4.3.1 How to Measure (Intrinsic) Kinetics? 133
4.3.2 Modeling of Fixed Bed Reactors 136
4.3.3 Modeling of Isothermal Fluidized Bed Reactors 139
4.4 Conclusions and Open Research Questions 146
4.5 Symbol List 148
References 149
5 SNG Upgrading 161
Renato Baciocchi, Giulia Costa, and Lidia Lombardi
5.1 Introduction 161
5.2 Separation Processes for SNG Upgrading 163
5.2.1 Bulk CO2/CH4 Separation 163
5.2.2 Removal of other Compounds and Impurities 169
5.3 Techno?]Economical Comparison of Selected Separation Options 174
References 176
6 SNG from Wood The GoBiGas Project 181
Jörgen Held
6.1 Biomethane in Sweden 181
6.2 Conditions and Background for the GoBiGas Project in Gothenburg 184
6.3 Technical Description 185
6.4 Technical Issues and Lessons Learned 188
6.5 Status 188
6.6 Efficiency 188
6.7 Economics 188
6.8 Outlook 189
Acknowledgements 189
References 189
7 The Power to Gas Process: Storage of Renewable Energy in the Natural Gas Grid via Fixed Bed Methanation of CO2/H2 191
Michael Specht, Jochen Brellochs, Volkmar Frick, Bernd Stürmer, and Ulrich Zuberbühler