Reviews all the latest basic and clinical research
findings

With contributions from leading international experts in the
field, this book is dedicated to all facets of uremic toxins
research, including low molecular weight solutes, protein-bound
solutes, and middle molecules. Moreover, it covers everything from
basic mass spectrometry research to the latest clinical findings
and practices.

Uremic Toxins is divided into three sections:

* Section One, Uremic Toxins, explores the definition,
classification, listing, and mass spectrometric analysis of uremic
toxins

* Section Two, Selected Uremic Toxins, describes key
uremic toxins, explaining chemical structures, metabolism,
analytical methods, plasma levels, toxicity, clinical implications,
and removal methods. Among the uremic toxins covered are indoxyl
sulfate, asymmetric dimethylarginine, PTH, ß2-microglobulin,
and AGEs

* Section Three, Therapeutic Removal of Uremic Toxins,
describes how uremic toxins can be removed by hemodialysis,
peritoneal dialysis, and oral sorbent

All chapters are based on the authors' thorough review of the
literature as well as their own personal laboratory and clinical
experience. References at the end of each chapter provide a gateway
to the literature in the field.

Reviewing all the latest basic and clinical research findings,
Uremic Toxins will help bench scientists in nephrology
advance their own investigations. It will also help clinicians take
advantage of the latest tested and proven treatments for the
management of chronic kidney disease.

TOSHIMITSU NIWA, MD, PhD, is Professor in the Department
of Advanced Medicine for Uremia at the Nagoya University Graduate
School of Medicine. President of the Japanese Society for
Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Dr. Niwa has received many honors for
his research, including the Kimoto Prize of the Japanese Society
for Dialysis Therapy and the International Society of Uremia
Research and Toxicity Award. He has published more than 300
articles in peer-reviewed journals.

Reviews all the latest basic and clinical research findings

With contributions from leading international experts in the field, this book is dedicated to all facets of uremic toxins research, including low molecular weight solutes, protein-bound solutes, and middle molecules. Moreover, it covers everything from basic mass spectrometry research to the latest clinical findings and practices.

Uremic Toxins is divided into three sections:

• Section One, Uremic Toxins, explores the definition, classification, listing, and mass spectrometric analysis of uremic toxins
• Section Two, Selected Uremic Toxins, describes key uremic toxins, explaining chemical structures, metabolism, analytical methods, plasma levels, toxicity, clinical implications, and removal methods. Among the uremic toxins covered are indoxyl sulfate, asymmetric dimethylarginine, PTH, ß2-microglobulin, and AGEs
• Section Three, Therapeutic Removal of Uremic Toxins, describes how uremic toxins can be removed by hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and oral sorbent

All chapters are based on the authors' thorough review of the literature as well as their own personal laboratory and clinical experience. References at the end of each chapter provide a gateway to the literature in the field.

Reviewing all the latest basic and clinical research findings, Uremic Toxins will help bench scientists in nephrology advance their own investigations. It will also help clinicians take advantage of the latest tested and proven treatments for the management of chronic kidney disease.

PREFACE ix

CONTRIBUTORS xi

SECTION 1: UREMIC TOXINS 1

1. Uremic Toxins: An Integrated Overview of Definition and
Classification 3

Richard J. Glassock and Shaul G. Massry

2. Classification and a List of Uremic Toxins 13

Nathalie Neirynck, Rita De Smet, Eva Schepers, Raymond
Vanholder, and Griet Glorieux

3. Analysis of Uremic Toxins with Mass Spectrometry 35

Toshimitsu Niwa

SECTION 2: SELECTED UREMIC TOXINS 51

4. Indoxyl Sulfate 53

Toshimitsu Niwa

5. p-Cresyl Sulfate 77

Anneleen Pletinck, Raymond Vanholder, and Griet Glorieux

6. 3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic Acid 87

Toshimitsu Niwa

7. Phenylacetic Acid 99

Anna Schulz and Joachim Jankowski

8. Homocysteine and Hydrogen Sulfide, Two Opposing Aspects in
the Pathobiology of Sulfur Compounds in Chronic Renal Failure
109

Alessandra F. Perna and Diego Ingrosso

9. Guanidino Compounds 125

Sunny Eloot, Griet Glorieux, Peter Paul De Deyn, and Raymond
Vanholder

10. Asymmetric Dimethylarginine 143

Vladimyr Teplan and Jaroslav Racek

11. Nicotinamide Metabolites 163

Boleslaw Rutkowski and Przemyslaw Rutkowski

12. Dicarbonyls (Glyoxal, Methylglyoxal, and 3-Deoxyglucosone)
177

Naila Rabbani and Paul J. Thornalley

13. Glucose Degradation Products in Peritoneal Dialysis
193

Monika Pischetsrieder and Sabrina Gensberger

14. Dinucleoside Polyphosphates 209

Joachim Jankowski and Vera Jankowski

15. Parathyroid Hormone 227

Shaul G. Massry and Miroslaw Smogorzewski

16. b2-Microglobulin 249

Suguru Yamamoto, Junichiro James Kazama, Hiroki Maruyama, Ichiei
Narita, and Fumitake Gejyo

17. Cytokines 259

BjEURorn Anderstam, Bengt Lindholm, and Peter
Stenvinkel

18. Free Immunoglobulin Light Chains 279

Gerald Cohen and Walter H. HEURorl

19. Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs) 293

Naila Rabbani and Paul J. Thornalley

20. Oxidized Albumin 305

Maurizio Bruschi, Giovanni Candiano, Laura Santucci, and Gian
Marco Ghiggeri

SECTION 3: THERAPEUTIC REMOVAL OF UREMIC TOXINS 315

21. Therapeutic Removal of Uremic Toxins by Hemodialysis
317

Tammy L. Sirich, Pavel Aronov, and Timothy W. Meyer

22. Therapeutic Removal of Uremic Toxins by Peritoneal Dialysis
331

Malgorzata Debowska, Elvia Garcya-Lopez, Jacek Waniewski, and
Bengt Lindholm

23. Therapeutic Removal of Uremic Toxins by Oral Sorbent
359

Toshimitsu Niwa

INDEX 373