* A complete overview of solar technologies relevant to the built environment, including solar thermal energy for heating and cooling, passive solar energy for daylighting and heating supply, and photovoltaics for electricity production * Provides practical examples and calculations to enable component and system simulation e.g. Calculation of U-values, I-V curve parameters and radiance distribution modelling * Discusses the new trends in thermal energy use, including the architectural integration of collector systems, integrated ventilation photovoltaics facades and solar powered absorption cooling systems * Coverage of cutting-edge applications such as active and passive cooling techniques and results from ongoing research projects
Autorentext
Ursula Eicker is a physicist who carries out international research projects on solar cooling, heating, electricity production and building energy efficiency at the University of Applied Sciences in Stuttgart. She obtained her PhD in amorphous silicon thin-film solar cells from Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh and then worked on the process development of large-scale amorphous silicon modules in France. She continued her research in photovoltaic system technology at the Centre for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research in Stuttgart. She set up the Solar Energy and Building Physics Research Group in Stuttgart in 1993. Her current research emphasis is on the development and implementation of active solar thermal cooling technologies, low-energy buildings and sustainable communities, control strategies and simulation technology, heat transfer in façades, etc. Since 2002 she has been the scientific director of the research centre on sustainable energy technologies (zafh.net) in BadenWürttemberg. She also heads the Institute of Applied Research of the University of Applied Sciences in Stuttgart, where building physicists, geoinformation scientists, mathematicians, civil engineers and architects cooperate. During the last 10 years Professor Eicker has coordinated numerous research projects on sustainable communities with renewable energy systems and highly efficient buildings. The largest projects include the European Integrated POLYCITY Project, a demonstration project on sustainable buildings and systems in Germany, Italy and Spain, and the European PhD school CITYNET on information system design for sustainable communities.
Inhalt
Preface ix
Abbreviations in the text xi
1 Solar energy use in buildings 1
1.1 Energy consumption of buildings 1
1.1.1 Residential buildings 2
1.1.2 Office and administrative buildings 4
1.1.3 Air conditioning 6
1.2 Meeting requirements by active and passive solar energy use 9
1.2.1 Active solar energy use for electricity, heating and cooling 9
1.2.2 Meeting heating energy requirements by passive solar energy use 12
2 Solar irradiance 13
2.1 Extraterrestrial solar irradiance 13
2.1.1 Power and spectral distribution of solar irradiance 13
2.1.2 Sun-Earth geometry 16
2.1.2.1 Equator coordinates 17
2.1.2.2 Horizon coordinates 20
2.1.2.3 Sun-position diagrams 22
2.2 The passage of rays through the atmosphere 24
2.3 Statistical production of hourly irradiance data records 26
2.3.1 Daily average values from monthly average values 27
2.3.2 Hourly average values from daily average values 31
2.4 Global irradiance and irradiance on inclined surfaces 34
2.4.1 Direct and diffuse irradiance 34
2.4.2 Conversion of global irradiance to inclined surfaces 35
2.4.2.1 An isotropic diffuse irradiance model 35
2.4.2.2 Diffuse irradiance model based on Perez 36
2.4.3 Measurement techniques for solar irradiance 39
2.5 Shading 39
3 Solar thermal energy 45
3.1 Solar-thermal water collectors 45
3.1.1 Innovations 45
3.1.2 System overview 46
3.1.3 Thermal collector types 47
3.1.3.1 Swimming pool absorbers 47
3.1.3.2 Flat plate collectors 47
3.1.3.3 Vacuum tube collectors 48
3.1.3.4 Parabolic concentrating collectors 48
3.1.4 System engineering for heating drinking-water 49
3.1.4.1 The solar circuit and hydraulics 49
3.1.4.2 Heat storage 55
3.1.4.3 Piping and circulation losses 60
3.1.5 System technology for heating support 61
3.1.6 Large solar plants for heating drinking water with short-term stores 63
3.1.6.1 Design of large solar plants 66
3.1.7 Solar district heating 68
3.1.8 Costs and economy 71
3.1.9 Operational experiences and relevant standards 73
3.1.10 Efficiency calculation of thermal collectors 74
3.1.10.1 Temperature distribution of the absorber 75
3.1.10.2 Collector efficiency factor F' 79
3.1.10.3 Heat dissipation factor FR 79
3.1.10.4 Heat losses of thermal collectors 83
3.1.10.5 Optical characteristics of transparent covers and absorber materials 92
3.1.11 Storage modelling 97
3.2 Solar air collectors 103
3.2.1 System engineering 105
3.2.2 Calculation of the available thermal power of solar air collectors 107
3.2.2.1 Temperature-dependent material properties of air 107
3.2.2.2 Energy balance and collector efficiency factor 108
3.2.2.3 Convective heat transfer in air collectors 109
3.2.2.4 Thermal efficiency of air collectors 117
3.2.3 Design of the air circuit 120
3.2.3.1 Collector pressure losses 120
3.2.3.2 Air duct systems 121
4 Solar cooling 123
4.1 Open cycle desiccant cooling 125
4.1.1 Introduction to the technology 125
4.1.2 Coupling with solar thermal collectors 128
4.1.3 Costs 128
4.1.4 Physical and technological bases of sorption-supported air-conditioning 129
4.1.4.1 Technology of sorption wheels 129
4.1.4.2 Air-status calculations 130
4.1.4.3 Dehumidifying potential of sorption materials 132
4.1.4.4 Calculation of the sorption isotherms and isosteres of silica gel 135
4.1.4.5 Calculation of the dehumidifying performance of a sorption rotor 140
4.1.5 The technology of heat recovery 143
4.1.5.1 Recuperators 143
4.1.5.2 Regenerative heat exchangers 148
4.1.6 Humidifier technology 152
4.1.7 Design limits and climatic boundary conditions 153
4.1.7.1 Demands on room temperatures and humidities 153
4.1.7.2 Regeneration temperature and humidity 153
4.1.7.3 Calculation of supply air status with different climatic boundary conditions 154
4.1.7.4 Limits and application possibilities of open sorption 155
4.1.8 Energy balance of sorption-supported air-conditioning 156
4.1.8.1 Usable cooling power of open sorption 156
4.1.8.2 Coefficients of performance and primary energy consumption 158
4.2 Closed cycle adsorption cooling. 162
4.2.1 Technology and areas of application 162
4.2.2 Costs 163
4.2.3 Operational principle 163
4.2.4 Energy balances and pressure conditions 165
4.2.4.1 Evaporator 166
4.2.4.2 Condenser 168
4.2.4.3 The adsorption process 169
4.2.4.4 Heating phase 172
4.2.4.5 The desorption process 172
4.2.4.6 Cooling phase 174
4.2.5 Coefficients of performance 175
4.3 Absorption cooling technology 177
4.3.1 The absorption cooling process and its components 178
4.3.1.1 Double-lift absorption cooling process 181
4.3.1.2 Evaporator and condenser 182
4.3.1.3 Absorber 183
4.3.1.4 Generator 185
4.3.2 Physical principles of the absorption process 185
4.3.2.1 Vapour pressure curves of material pairs 185
4.3.3 Refrigerant vapour concentration 189
4.3.4 Energy balances and performance f…