Focusing on the conversion of biomass into gas or liquid fuels the
book covers physical pre-treatment technologies, thermal, chemical
and biochemical conversion technologies
* Details the latest biomass characterization
techniques
* Explains the biochemical and thermochemical conversion
processes
* Discusses the development of integrated biorefineries,
which are similar to petroleum refineries in concept, covering such
topics as reactor configurations and downstream processing
* Describes how to mitigate the environmental risks when
using biomass as fuel
* Includes many problems, small projects, sample
calculations and industrial application examples
Autorentext
Wiebren de Jong is an associate professor at Delft University of Technology working in the Process & Energy department. He is involved as senior researcher in several EU and national projects concerning biomass pretreatment, combustion, gasification and biorefinery processes. He is co-author of more than 65 journal papers concerning thermal and chemical conversion of biomass.
J. Ruud van Ommen is an associate professor at Delft University of Technology working in the Chemical Engineering department. His current research focuses on Scaling up of nanotechnology processes, and monitoring and structuring of catalytic multiphase reactors, especially for energy related processes. He is co-author of more than 80 journal papers, of which about 25 concerning energy technology.
Zusammenfassung
Focusing on the conversion of biomass into gas or liquid fuels the book covers physical pre-treatment technologies, thermal, chemical and biochemical conversion technologies
• Details the latest biomass characterization techniques
• Explains the biochemical and thermochemical conversion processes
• Discusses the development of integrated biorefineries, which are similar to petroleum refineries in concept, covering such topics as reactor configurations and downstream processing
• Describes how to mitigate the environmental risks when using biomass as fuel
• Includes many problems, small projects, sample calculations and industrial application examples
Inhalt
PREFACE xiii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xvii
PART I SOCIAL CONTEXT AND STRUCTURAL BASIS OF BIOMASS AS A RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES 1
1 Introduction: Socioeconomic Aspects of Biomass Conversion 3
Wiebren de Jong and J. Ruud van Ommen
1.1 Energy Supply: Economic and Environmental Considerations 4
1.2 Ways to Mitigate Threats to a Sustainable Energy Supply 16
1.3 What is Sustainable Supply of Biomass? 20
1.4 Resources and Sustainable Potential of Biomass 25
1.5 A Brief Introduction to Multiproduct Biomass Conversion Techniques 29
Chapter Summary and Study Guide 30
Key Concepts 30
Short-Answer Questions 30
Problems 32
Projects 32
Internet References 33
References 33
2 Biomass Composition, Properties, and Characterization 36
Wiebren de Jong
2.1 Physicochemical Properties 37
2.2 Main Structural Organic Constituents 42
2.3 Minor Organic Constituents 45
2.4 Inorganic Compounds 49
2.5 Proximate and Ultimate Analysis 52
2.6 Heating Values 57
2.7 Ash Characterization Techniques 59
Chapter Summary and Study Guide 61
Key Concepts 62
Short-Answer Questions 62
Problems 63
Projects 65
Internet References 65
References 65
PART II CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES OF BIOMASS PROCESSING 69
3 Conservation: Mass, Momentum, and Energy Balances 71
Wiebren de Jong
3.1 General Conservation Equation 73
3.2 Conservation of Mass 74
3.3 Conservation of Energy 80
3.4 Conservation of Momentum 90
Chapter Summary and Study Guide 92
Key Concepts 92
Short-Answer Questions 93
Problems 93
Projects 95
Internet Reference 96
References 96
4 Transfer: Basics of Mass and Heat Transfer 97
Dirk J.E.M. Roekaerts
4.1 Introduction 100
4.2 Transport Terms in the Governing Equations 100
4.3 Radiative Heat Transfer 103
4.4 Convective Heat and Mass Transfer 108
4.5 Transfer of Heat and Mass with Phase Change 110
Chapter Summary and Study Guide 124
Key Concepts 124
Short-Answer Questions 125
Problems 125
Projects 127
References 128
5 Reactions: Thermodynamic Aspects, Kinetics, and Catalysis 129
Martina Fantini, Wiebren de Jong, and J. Ruud van Ommen
5.1 Reaction Kinetics 130
5.2 Chemical Equilibrium 138
5.3 Catalysis 148
Chapter Summary and Study Guide 154
Key Concepts 155
Short-Answer Questions 155
Problems 155
Projects 156
References 158
6 Reactors: Idealized Chemical Reactors 159
Lilian de Martín and J. Ruud van Ommen
6.1 Preliminary Concepts 160
6.2 Batch Reactors (BRs) 163
6.3 Steady-State Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs) 167
6.4 Steady-State Plug Flow Reactors (PFRs) 168
6.5 Residence Time and Space Time for Flow Reactors 173
6.6 Deviations from Plug Flow and Perfect Mixing 176
Chapter Summary and Study Guide 180
Key Concepts 181
Short-Answer Questions 181
Problems 181
Project 182
References 183
7 Processes: Basics of Process Design 184
Johan Grievink, Pieter L.J. Swinkels, and J. Ruud van Ommen
7.1 Scope 186
7.2 Characterization of Biomass Processing 187
7.3 Analyzing the Outside of a Process 189
7.4 Analyzing the Inside of a Process 192
7.5 A Design Procedur...