With one new volume each year, this series keeps scientists and advanced students informed of the latest developments and results in all areas of botany. The present volume includes reviews on structural botany, plant physiology, genetics, taxonomy, and geobotany.
Inhalt
A. Structural Botany.- I. Cell Architecture and Cellular Morphogenesis of Eukariotic Algae (Chlorophyta).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Endomembrane Systems.- a) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Derivatives.- b) Golgi Apparatus (GA).- 3. Semiautonomous Organelles.- a) Chloroplasts.- b) Mitochondria.- 4. Interphase Nucleus.- 5. Cytoskeleton.- a) Phytoflagellates, Zoospores, Gametes.- b) Walled Cells and Giant Coenocytes.- ?) Motility Phenomena with Uncertain Mechanism.- ?) Actin-Based Organelle Transport.- ?) Actin-Based Contraction and Wound Response in Giant Green Coenocytes.- ?) MT-Based Organelle Transport.- ?) Nuclear Rotation in Constricted Desmids.- ?) Mixed Mechanism for Chloroplast Transport.- 6. Cell Division.- 7. Cell Wall.- a) Scales and Thecae.- b) Glycoprotein Walls in the Chlamydophyceae.- c) Noncellulosic and Mixed Polysaccharide Walls.- d) Cellulosic Walls.- ?) Terminal Cellulose Synthetase Complexes (TCs).- ?) Cellulose Microfibril Orientation.- e) Wall Appendages.- 8. Morphogenesis.- a) Morphogenesis by Shaping the Protoplast.- b) Morphogenesis by Spatial Control of Wall Deposition.- c) Morphogenesis by Modification of the Wall.- ?) Spatial Control of Exocytosis.- ?) Sensing the Direction of Strain.- References.- II. Comparative Morphology, Anatomy, and Function of the Stem and Root of the Flowering Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Relationship of Cells to Organisms in Plants.- 3. Interpretations of the Shoot (Organography).- 4. Shoot Architecture and Biomechanics.- a) Patterns of Shoot Growth.- b) Biomechanics.- 5. Stem Anatomy and Function.- a) Apical Meristems.- ?) Shoot Regeneration.- b) Stem Structure.- ?) Lateral Meristems of Monocots.- ?) Dilatation Growth.- c) Nodal Anatomy.- d) Vascular Differentiation.- 6. Root Architecture.- 7. Root Anatomy and Function.- a) Apical Meristem.- b) Root Structure.- ?) Endodermis.- c) Tissue Differentiation.- 8. Wood Evolution.- a) Vessel Element Structure and Evolution.- b) Systematic and Ecological Wood Anatomy.- 9. Hydraulic Conductivity.- a) Stems.- b) Roots.- References.- B. Physiology.- I. Electrophysiology of Stomata.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Benefits and Drawbacks of Various Methods.- a) Voltage Clamp on Cells.- b) Patch Clamp on Protoplasts.- c) Combination of Methods.- 3. Major Transport Elements.- a) Proton Pump.- b) K+Inward Rectifier.- c) K+ Outward Rectifier.- d) (2H-Cl)+ Symporter.- e) Cl- Channel.- 4. Additional Transporters.- a) Ca2+Translocators.- b) K+ Translocators.- c) Mechano-Sensitive Channels.- d) Cl- Channels.- 5. Comparative Aspects.- 6. Integrated Model: Electrocoupling.- a) Description of Algorithm.- b) Physiological Voltage Ranges.- c) Osmotic Problem and Dynamic Solution.- d) Experimental Evidence.- e) Range of Validity.- f) Surprises.- g) Limitations.- 7. Final Remark.- References.- II. Exchange of Energy and Vapor Between Plants and the Atmosphere.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Energy Balance and Radiation Perception of the Vegetation.- a) Absorption and Partitioning of Incoming Radiation.- b) Exchange and Partitioning of Sensible Heat.- c) Heat Storage.- 3. Convective and Turbulent Heat and Mass Transfer.- a) Wind Effects and Canopy Structure.- b) Heat and Momentum Exchange by Kinetic Energy Transfer.- 4. Evapotranspiration from Canopy Surfaces.- 5. Large-Scale Assessment of Vegetation Structure and Energy and Matter Exchange by Satellite-Based Remote Sensing.- Appendix: Symbols, Abbreviations, and Physical Constants.- References.- III. Secondary Plant Substances: Ornithine-Derived Alkaloids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Tobacco Alkaloids.- 3. Tropane Alkaloids.- 4. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids.- References.- IV. Mineral Nutrition: Humid Tropical Forests.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Previous Reviews and Scope.- 3. Nutrient Inventories and Nutrient Balance.- a) Nutrient Input Through Precipitation and Throughfall Enrichment by Nutrient Leaching.- b) Nutrient Concentration in Leaves.- c) Biomass Accumulation, Species Distribution, and Soil Fertility.- 4. Epiphytic Communities and the Dynamics of Nutrients in Humid Tropical Forests.- 5. Nutrient Fluxes in Litterfall, Nutrient Availability and Efficiency of Nutrient Utilization.- 6. Evaluation of Soil Fertility: Fertilization Experiments and Bioassays.- 7. Mineralization of Organic Matter and Nitrogen Availability.- 8. Denitrification.- 9. Assimilation of Inorganic Nitrogen.- 10. Symbiotic Interactions and Nutrient Uptake.- 11. Final Remarks.- References.- V. Geosiphon pyriforme (Kützing) von Wettstein, a Promising System for Studying Endocyanoses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Organism.- 3. Cytological Structure of the Geosiphon Coenocyte.- 4. Establishment of the Symbiosis, Ontogeny, and Senescense of the Coenocyte.- a) Life Cycle of Nostoc.- b) The Cytosis of Nostoc by the Fungus.- c) Maturation of the Coenocyte.- d) Specificity of Nostoc as Endosymbiont in Geosiphon.- 5. Culturing of Geosiphon.- 6. Metabolism of Geosiphon.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- VI. Significance of Glutathione Metabolism in Plants Under Stress.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Glutathione Synthesis and Degradation.- a) Glutathione Synthesis.- b) Glutathione Degradation.- 3. Glutathione and Heavy Metal Stress.- a) Heavy Metal Binding Peptides.- b) Heavy Metals and Glutathione Metabolism.- 4. Glutathione-Mediated Conjugation of Xenobiotics.- 5. Glutathione in the Compensation of Oxidative Stress.- 6. Glutathione in Plant-Pathogen Interactions.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- VII. A Stress Physiological Role for Abscisic Acid (ABA) in Lower Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Abscisic Acid in Algae.- a) Distribution of Abscisic Acid Within the Algal Kingdom.- b) Abscisic Acid Content and Permeability Coefficients.- c) Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Abscisic Acid.- d) Effect of Stress on the Endogenous ABA Level.- e) The Physiological Role of Abscisic Acid.- 3. Abscisic Acid in Bryophytes.- a) Biosynthesis and Metabolism.- b) The Physiological Role of ABA.- ?) Developmental Processes-The Conversion of Submerged Thalli into Terrestrial Forms.- ?) Stomatal Reactions.- ?) Induction of Desiccation Tolerance.- 4. Abscisic Acid in Fungi.- a) Biosynthesis and Metabolism.- b) Transport of ABA Across Fungal Membranes.- c) Functions of Fungal ABA.- ?) ABA of Pathogenic Fungi.- ?) ABA in Mycorrhizal and Rhizospheric Fungi.- 5. ABA in Lichens.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- VIII. UV-B Effects on Terrestrial Plants and Aquatic Organisms.- 1. General Introduction.- 2. Effects on Terrestrial Plants.- a) Growth.- b) Photosynthesis and Yield.- c) UV-Protection and Adaptation.- d) Combination Effects.- 3. Effects on Aquatic Organisms.- a) Orientation and Motility.- b) Photosynthesis.- c) Nitrogen Assimilation.- d) UV-B Protection.- e) Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Increase.- References.- IX. Molecular Aspects of Natural and Induced Incompatibility in Flowering Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility.- 3. Sporophytic Self-Incompatibility.- 4. Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Male Sterility.- References.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication and Cell Cycle Control.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Origins: to Be or not to Be Localized.- 3. Nucleosomes: the Problem Solved?.- 4. Replication Pattern and Chromatin "Flavors".- 5. Cdc2 and the New Cell Cycle Philosophy.- 6. Amplification: from Complexity to Perplexity.- 7. Evolution and Replication.- References.- II. Recombination: Effects on Structure and Function of the Mitochondrial Genome.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Organization of the Mitochondrial Genome.- a) Recombination Repeats and Rare Recombination Events.- b) Implications of Nuclear and Chloroplast Sequences.- c) Introns Present in the mtDNA.- d) Plasmids.- 3. Nuclear-Mitochondrial Interactions.- a) Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (C…