This book presents a factual analysis of the history of population policy, especially the fertility policy, mainly the reproduction of the policy since the founding of New China, especially the promotion of one child per couple, including the background of the policy's introduction, the formulation of the decision, the prediction of possible problems, and the choice of decision to deal with them. It summarises the basic experience of China and the international community in implementing population policies, and proposes to follow the path of family planning with Chinese characteristics and implement population policies that are compatible with it.

Tian Xueyuan is a member of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, former director of the Population Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and a participant in family planning policy. He is known as the "Father of Family Planning". He has led 6 major and key national projects and 5 cooperative projects with the United Nations Population Fund, the USA and Japan. He has written more than 20 monographs, including 60 Years of China's Population Policy and Research on China's Population Development Strategy in the 21st Century.