Section I Micropropagation, Immobilization, Cryopreservation, Bioreactors, Production of Secondary Metabolites and Its Impact on Pharmacy.- I.1 Medicinal, Aromatic, and Industrial Materials from Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Secondary Metabolites.- 3. Future Prospects for Discovering New and Useful Bioactive Compounds from Plants.- 4. Plant Cell Tissue Cultures as New Alternative Sources of Secondary Natural Products.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- I.2 Formation of Secondary Metabolites in Cultured Plant Cells and Its Impact on Pharmacy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Establishment of Productive Cell Culture Systems.- 3. De-Novo Synthesis of Known Drugs by Cell Cultures.- 4. Plant Cell Cultures as a Source of Novel Active Compounds.- 5. The Use of the Enzymatic Potential of Plant Cell Culture.- 6. Outlook.- 7. Summary and Conclusion.- References.- I.3 Biotechnology of the Micropropagation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.- 1. Medicinal Plant Biotechnology.- 2. In Vitro Propagation of Plants.- 3. Conclusions and Prospects of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology.- References.- I.4 Bioreactors for the Large-Scale Culture of Plant Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Design of Culture Plant.- 3. Batch Culture.- 4. Semi-Continuous Culture.- 5. Continuous Culture.- 6. Application of Large-Scale Production to Obtain Useful Materials.- References.- I.5 Enhanced Production of Secondary Substances: Addition of Artificial Accumulation Sites to Cultures.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Two-Phase Batch Culture.- 3. Cell Strain Selection by Means of Second Phases.- References.- I.6 Immobilization of Higher Plant Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Techniques for Plant Cell Immobilization.- 3. The Employment of Immobilized Cell Systems for the Production of Plant Metabolites.- 4. Other Uses of Immobilized Cells.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- I.7 Nonfrozen Storage of Plant Cell Cultures and Its Effect on Metabolites.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Viability of Cells After Nonfrozen Storage.- 3. Morphogenetic Ability After Nonfrozen Storage.- 4. Effect of Nonfrozen Storage on Metabolites.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- I.8 Cryopreservation and the Retention of Biosynthetic Potential in Cell Cultures of Medicinal and Alkaloid-Producing Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Significance of Cryopreservation.- 3. Protocol and General Guidelines for Cryopreservation.- 4. Cryopreservation of Callus and Cell Suspensions.- 5. Cryopreservation of Protoplasts.- 6. Cryopreservation of Anthers and Pollen Embryos.- 7. Cryopreservation of Pollen.- 8. Genetic Stability and Biosynthetic Potential.- 9. Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- Section II Production of Medicinal and Aromatic Compounds by Plant Cell Cultures.- II.1 Antitumor Compounds: Production by Plant Cell Cultures.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Screening Method.- 3. Plant Tissue Culture.- 4. Antitumor Compound Production by Plant Tissue Culture.- 5. Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- II.2 L-DOPA Production in Plant Cell Cultures.- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Production of L-DOPA.- References.- II.3 Shikonin: Production by Plant (Lithospermum erythrorhizon) Cell Cultures.- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Approaches.- 3. Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- II.4 Anthraquinone: Production by Plant Cell Culture.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Review of In Vitro Production of Anthraquinones.- 3. In Vitro Studies on Anthraquinone Formation by Rubia cordifolia Cells.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- II.5 Morphinan Alkaloids: Biosynthesis in Plant (Papaver spp.) Tissue Cultures.- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Approaches to Alkaloid Production.- 3. Conclusion and Prospects.- References.- II.6 Caffeine: Production by Plant (Coffea spp.) Cell Cultures.- 1. Introduction: Caffeine and Man.- 2. Tissue and Cell Culture of Coffee.- 3. Growth and Productivity of Coffee Tissue Cultures.- 4. Biotransformation Potential.- 5. Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- II.7 Berberine: Production Through Plant (Thalictrum spp.) Cell Cultures.- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Approaches.- 3. Conclusion and Prospects.- References.- II.8 Valepotriates: Production by Plant Cell Cultures.- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Production of Valepotriates.- 3. Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- II.9 Rosmarinic Acid: Production in Plant Cell Cultures.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Establishment of Rosmarinic Acid-Producing Cultures.- 3. Characteristics of Rosmarinic Acid-Producing Cell Suspension Cultures.- 4. Summary and Prospects.- 5. Protocols.- References.- Section III Biotechnology of Medicinal Plants.- III.1 Cannabis sativa: In Vitro Production of Cannabinoids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Approaches.- 3. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- III.2 Centaurium erythraea Rafn: Micropropagation and the Production of Secoiridoid Glucosides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Approaches.- 3. Protocol.- 4. Conclusion and Prospect.- References.- III.3 Cinchona spp.: Micropropagation, and the In Vitro Production of Quinine and Quinidine.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cinchona In Vitro.- 3. Discussion.- 4. Protocol.- References.- III.4 Digitalis spp.: In Vitro Culture, Regeneration, and the Production of Cardenolides and Other Secondary Products.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Tissue and Cell Cultures.- 3. Regeneration.- 4. Cardenolides and Other Secondary Products.- 5. Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects.- References.- III.5 Duboisia spp.: In Vitro Regeneration, and the Production of Tropane and Pyridine Alkaloids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Establishment of Tissue Culture.- 3. Alkaloid Composition.- 4. Atropine Esterase Activity.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- III.6 Hypoxis spp.: Micropropagation and In Vitro Production of Hypoxoside.- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Approaches.- References.- III.7 Ochrosia spp.: In Vitro Production of Ellipticine, an Antitumor Agent.- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Approaches.- 3. Conclusion and Prospects.- References.- III.8 Paeonia spp.: In Vitro Culture and the Production of Paeoniflorin.- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Approaches.- 3. Conclusion and Prospects.- References.- III.9 Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer: Micropropagation and the In Vitro Production of Saponins.- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Approaches.- 3. Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- III.10 Rehmannia glutinosa: Tissue Culture and Its Potential for Improvement.- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Approaches.- 3. Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- III.11 Rhamnus spp.: In Vitro Production of Anthraquinones, Anthrones, and Dianthrones.- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Approaches.- 3. Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- III.12 Rhazya stricta Decaisne: In Vitro Culture, and the Production of Indole Alkaloids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Tissue Culture Studies on Rhazya stricta.- 3. Conclusion and Prospects.- References.