This is the fifth volume in a series of books focusing on natural gas engineering, focusing on the extraction and disposal of acid gas. This volume includes information for both upstream and downstream operations, including chapters on modeling, carbon capture, chemical and thermodynamic models, and much more. Written by some of the most well-known and respected chemical and process engineers working with natural gas today, the chapters in this important volume represent the most cutting-edge and state-of-the-art processes and operations being used in the field. Not available anywhere else, this volume is a must-have for any chemical engineer, chemist, or process engineer working with natural gas. There are updates of new technologies in other related areas of natural gas, in addition to the extraction and disposal of acid gas, including testing, reservoir simulations, acid gas injection, and natural gas hydrate formations. Advances in Natural Gas Engineering is an ongoing series of books meant to form the basis for the working library of any engineer working in natural gas today. Every volume is a must-have for any engineer or library.

Ying (Alice) Wu is currently the President of Sphere Technology Connection Ltd. (STC) in Calgary, Canada. From 1983 to 1999 she was an Assistant Professor and Researcher at Southwest Petroleum Institute (now Southwest Petroleum University, SWPU) in Sichuan, China. She received her MSc in Petroleum Engineering from the SWPU and her BSc in Petroleum Engineering from Daqing Petroleum University in Heilongjiang, China.

John J. Carroll, PhD, PEng is the Director, Geostorage Process Engineering for Gas Liquids Engineering, Ltd. in Calgary, Canada. Dr. Carroll holds bachelor and doctoral degrees in chemical engineering from the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, and is a registered professional engineer in the provinces of Alberta and New Brunswick in Canada. His fist book, Natural Gas Hydrates: A Guide for Engineers, is now in its second edition, and he is the author or co-author of 50 technical publications and about 40 technical presentations.

Weiyao Zhu is Professor at University of Science & Technology Beijing in China and Adjunct Professor in State Key Lab of Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery at the Northeast Petroleum University. He has published more than 100 technical papers and an author of 6 technical books. His research focus is on fluid mechanics in porous media, the theory and application of the multiphase flow for resource exploitation, new energy development, environmental fluid mechanics, and reservoir simulation.

Preface xv

1 Rate-Base Simulations of Absorption Processes; Fata Morgana or Panacea? 1
P.J.G. Huttenhuis and G.F. Versteeg

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Procede Process Simulator (PPS) 2

1.3 Mass Transfer Fundamentals 3

1.4 CO2 Capture Case 8

1.5 Conclusions and Recommendations 15

References 16

2 Modelling in Acid Gas Removal Processes 17
Alan E. Mather

2.1 Introduction 17

2.2 Vapour-Liquid Equilibria 18

2.3 Modelling 21

2.3.1 Empirical Models 22

2.3.2 Activity Coefficient Models 22

2.3.3 Two (and more) Solvent Models 23

2.3.4 Single Solvent Models 24

2.3.5 Equation of State Models 24

2.4 Conclusions 25

References 26

3 Thermodynamic Approach of CO2 Capture, Combination of Experimental Study and Modeling 29
Karine Ballerat-Busserolles, Alexander R. Lowe, Yohann Coulier, and J.-Y. Coxam

3.1 Introduction 30

3.2 Thermodynamic Model 31

3.3 Carbon Dioxide Absorption in Aqueous Solutions of Alkanolamines 32

3.4 Conclusion 35

References 36

4 Employing Simulation Software for Optimized Carbon Capture Process 39
Wafa Said-Ibrahim, Irina Rumyantseva, and Manya Garg

4.1 Introduction 40

4.2 Acid Gas Cleaning Process and Business Goals 40

4.3 Modeling Gas Treating in Aspen HYSYSR 42

4.3.1 Inbuilt Thermodynamics 43

4.3.2 Rate-Based Distillation in Aspen HYSYS 44

4.4 Conclusion 45

References 46

5 Expectations from Simulation 47
R. Scott Alvis, Nathan A. Hatcher, and Ralph H. Weiland

5.1 Introduction 48

5.2 Realism 48

5.2.1 Conclusion 1 49

5.2.2 Conclusion 2 50

5.2.3 Conclusion 3 50

5.2.4 Conclusion 4 51

5.3 Reliability of Simulation Data: What's Data and What's Not 52

5.3.1 Conclusion 5 54

5.3.2 Conclusion 6 54

5.3.3 Conclusion 7 55

5.3.4 Conclusion 8 55

5.4 Case Studies 56

5.4.1 Hellenic Petroleum Refinery Revamp 56

5.4.2 Treating a Refinery Fuel Gas 58

5.4.3 Carbon Dioxide Removal in an LNG Unit 60

5.4.4 Tail Gas Treating 65

5.5 Concluding Remarks 67

References 67

6 Calorimetry in Aqueous Solutions of Demixing Amines for Processes in CO2 Capture 69
Karine Ballerat-Busserolles, Alexander R. Lowe, Yohann Coulier, and J.-Y. Coxam

6.1 Introduction 70

6.2 Chemicals 72

6.3 Liquid-Liquid Phase Equilibrium 73

6.4 Mixing Enthalpies of {Water-Amine} and {Water-Amine-CO2} 75

6.4.1 Excess Enthalpies 77

6.4.2 Enthalpies of Solution 78

6.5 Acknowledgements 79

References 79

7 Speciation in Liquid-Liquid Phase-Separating Solutions of Aqueous Amines for Carbon Capture Applications by Raman Spectroscopy 81
O. Fandiño, M. Yacyshyn, J.S. Cox, and P.R. Tremaine

7.1 Introduction 81

7.2 Experimental 84

7.2.1 Materials 84

7.2.2 Sample Preparation 84

7.2.3 Raman Spectroscopic Measurements 85

7.2.4 Methodology Validation 86

7.2.5 Laser Selection Optimization 86

7.3 Results and Discussion 87

7.3.1 Ammonium Carbamate System 87

7.3.2 Methylpiperidine Band Identification 88

7.3.3 (N-methylpiperidine + Water + CO2) System 89

7.3.4 (2-methylpiperidine + Water + CO2) System 90

7.3.5 (4-methylpiperidine + Water + CO2) System 91

7.4 Conclusions 91

7.5 Acknowledgements 92

References 93

8 A Simple Model for the Calculation of Electrolyte Mixture Viscosities 95
Marco A. Satyro and Harvey W. Yarran...