The rapid growth of behavior therapy over the past 20 years has been well doc­ umented. Yet the geometric expansion of the field has been so great that it deserves to be recounted. We all received our graduate training in the mid to late 1960s. Courses in behavior therapy were then a rarity. Behavioral training was based more on informal tutorials than on systematic programs of study. The behavioral literature was so circumscribed that it could be easily mastered in a few months of study. A mere half-dozen books (by Wolpe, Lazarus, Eysenck, Ullmann, and Krasner) more-or-Iess comprised the behavioral library in the mid- 1960s. Semirial works by Ayllon and Azrin, Bandura, Franks, and Kanfer in 1968 and 1969 made it only slightly more difficult to survey the field. Keeping abreast of new developments was not very difficult, as Behaviour Research and Therapy and the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis were the only regular outlets for behavioral articles until the end of the decade, when Behavior Therapy and Be­ havior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry first appeared. We are too young to be maudlin, but "Oh for the good old days!" One of us did a quick survey of his bookshelves and stopped counting books with behavior or behavioral in the titles when he reached 100. There were at least half again as many behavioral books without those words in the title.

I Foundations of Behavior Modification and Therapy.- 1 History of Behavior Modification.- Background.- Historical Precursors of Behavioral Techniques.- Traditional Approaches in Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology.- Foundations of Behavior Modification.- Conditioning in Russia.- Emergence of Behaviorism.- Psychology of Learning.- Extensions of Conditioning and Learning.- Laboratory Paradigms and Analogues.- Clinically Relevant Applications.- Additional Applications.- Personality and Psychotherapy.- Emergence of Behavior Modification.- Developments in South Africa.- Developments in England.- Developments in the United States.- Formalization of Behavior Therapy.- Contemporary Behavior Modification.- Characteristics of Behavior Modification.- Diversity within Behavior Modification.- Current Status.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 2 Experimental and Theoretical Foundations of Behavior Modification.- The Case for Behavioral Therapeutic Approaches.- Assets.- Basic Experimental Learning Paradigms and Principles.- Classical Conditioning.- Operant or Instrumental Learning.- Avoidance Learning: A Combination of Procedures.- Implication of Conditioning Principles.- Theoretical Foundations.- The Function of Theory.- Skinner's Antitheoretical Position.- The Impact of Formal Models.- Excitation and Inhibition Models of Behavior Change.- Counterconditioning Models of Behavior Change.- Behavior Change via Emotional Extinction.- Cognitive Models of Behavior Change.- Methodological Foundations.- Infrahuman Analogue Research.- Human Analogue Research.- Patient Research.- Epilogue.- References.- 3 A Model of Dysfunctional Behavior.- Science versus Technology.- Macro- versus Microtheories.- General Assumptions.- External Events.- Physical Stimuli.- Social Experiences.- Organismic Variables.- Biological Influences.- Cognitive Factors.- Response Factors.- Structure and the Elements of Behavior.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- II Assessment and Methodology.- 4 Behavioral Assessment: An Overview.- Basic Assumptions.- Behavioral Assessment Methods.- Observations in Naturalistic Settings.- Situation Tests.- Role Playing.- Self-Report.- Behavioral Assessment and Behavior Therapy.- Variables Associated with Maladaptive Behavior.- Variables Associated with the Selection and Implementation of Techniques.- Classification of Behavior Disorders.- Difficulties in Stimulus Control of Behavior.- Deficient Behavioral Repertoires.- Aversive Behavioral Repertoires.- Difficulties with Incentive Systems (Reinforcers).- Aversive Self-Reinforcing Systems.- Future Perspectives.- Comparative Validity of Behavioral and Traditional Assessment.- Standardization of Procedures.- Need for Theoretical Framework.- Summary.- References.- 5 Observational Methods.- Designing an Observation System.- Developing Behavioral Categories.- Selecting Observation Settings.- Scheduling Observations.- Selecting Observation Procedures.- Selecting Technological Aids.- Observers: Errors and Training.- Sources of Observer Effects.- Selecting and Training Observers.- Reliability.- Generalizability Theory.- Interobserver Generalizability.- Other Facets of Generalizability.- Recommendations for Reporting Reliability Information.- Validity.- Content Validity.- Criterion-Related Validity.- Construct Validity.- Final Observations.- References.- 6 Experimental Design in Group Outcome Research.- The Logic of Strong Inference.- Questions of Efficiency and the Scientific Approach.- Specification of the Independent Variable.- Treatment versus No-Treatment Design.- Placebo Control Design.- Component Control Design.- Parametric Design.- Constructive and Comparative Designs.- Concluding Comments on Independent-Variable Specification.- Specification of the Dependent Variable.- Outcome Content.- Outcome Context and Generalization.- Strong Inference and Programmatic Research.- Science and Strong Inference in Perspective.- References.- 7 Single-Case Experimental Designs.- History.- Group Comparison Designs.- Experimental Analysis of Behavior.- General Issues.- Intrasubject Variability.- Intersubject Variability.- Magnitude of Change.- Generality of Findings.- Variability as Related to Generality.- General Procedures.- Repeated Measurement.- Choosing a Baseline.- Changing One Variable at a Time.- Length of Phases.- Reversal and Withdrawal.- Evaluating Irreversible Procedures.- Basic A-B-A Designs.- A-B Design.- A-B-A Design.- A-B-A-B Design.- B-A-B Design.- Extensions of the A-B-A Design.- A-B-A-B-A-B and A-B-A-C-A-C? Designs.- Interaction Designs.- Drug Evaluations.- Additional Designs.- Multiple Baseline.- Changing-Criterion Design.- Simultaneous Treatment Design.- Statistical Analysis.- The Case Against.- The Case For.- T Test and ANOVA.- Time-Series Analysis.- Additional Comments.- Replication.- Direct Replication.- Clinical Replication.- Systematic Replication.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- III General Issues and Extensions.- 8 Training Paraprofessionals.- Historical Changes in Staffing Patterns.- Amateurs and Volunteers.- The Ward Aide.- Paraprofessional Precedents.- Shifts from an Individual to a Social Focus.- Changes in the Mental Health Field.- Evaluating Paraprofessionals.- Behavioral Paraprofessionals.- Teachers and Teachers' Aides.- Training Parents as Behavior Therapists.- Behavioral Aides.- College Students as Behavioral Paraprofessionals.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 9 Ethical and Legal Issues.- Ethical Issues.- Ethics, Society, and Behaviorism.- The Parties and the Issues.- Some Tentative Principles.- Some Problem Areas.- Research into Behavior Therapy.- Legal Issues.- The Arguments for and against Legal Intervention.- The Existing Legal Framework.- Summary.- References.- 10 Balancing Clients' Rights: The Establishment of Human Rights and Peer Review Committees.- Right to Treatment.- Right to Be Free from Harm.- Establishing Protective Mechanisms.- Selecting Appropriate Goals.- The Need for Protective Mechanisms.- The Human Rights Committee.- Composition.- Purpose.- Education.- The Formal Review Process: The Use of Aversive Procedures.- The Formal Review Process: Determining Individualized Treatment.- Operating Independently of the Treatment Staff.- Public Dissemination of Purpose and Procedures.- Written Records and Checklists.- Adapting the Committee to the Size of the Program.- Ensuring Staff Compliance.- Compensation.- Benefits to the Program.- The Peer Review Committee.- Composition.- Purpose.- The Formal Review Process.- Operating Independently of the Treatment Staff.- Public Responsiveness.-…