Presents the fundamentals and calculation of transmission line losses, their reduction, and economic implications Written by a very experienced expert in this field Introduces various technical measures for loss reduction, and appended with a large number of examples Offers a progressive and systematic approach to various aspects of the problems A timely and original book to meet the challenges of power and grid industry development

A guide for the line loss calculation and analysis of power systems, this book describes the research history of the loss factor method, its latest developments, and analyzes power loss variation. The authors provide a systematic introduction of the line loss calculation of power system components as well as high and low voltage networks. Important topics include calculation of loss allocation and power supply incremental optimization allocation, line loss rate forecasting and loss reduction planning, multi-section electricity price structure and a variety of technical loss reduction measures. Using China's State Grid Corporation as an example, the book also discusses the impact of line loss on grid operation and the application of line loss mass information.

• Establishes a rigorous and complete theory of line loss calculation using probability theory and mathematical analysis

• Provides solutions to difficulties in calculating the line loss of high-voltage power grids

• Features a new method of high voltage power loss allocation with numerical examples

• Includes practical, real-world examples illustrating a variety of loss reduction measures

Written by an experienced engineer and an academic, Line Loss Analysis and Calculation of Electric Power Systems is intended for practicing engineers and advanced students in power engineering. Professionals in the fields of high-voltage analysis and power grid operation will also find this useful.

Foreword xiii

Preface xvii

Introduction xix

1 Overview 1

1.1 Active Power Loss and Electric Energy Loss 1

1.1.1 Main Types of Active Power Loss 1

1.1.2 Calculation of Electric Energy Loss 2

1.1.3 Electricity Line Loss and Line Loss Rate 3

1.1.4 Calculation and Analysis of Line Loss 5

1.2 Calculation of AC Resistance 7

1.3 Influence of Temperature and Voltage Changes on Line Loss in the Measuring Period 7

1.3.1 Influence of Temperature Change on Line Loss in the Measuring Period 7

1.3.2 Influence of Voltage Change on Line Loss in the Measuring Period 9

1.4 Influence of Load Curve Shape on Line Loss 10

1.4.1 Load Curve and Load Duration Curve 10

1.4.2 Parameters of Characterization Load Curve 12

1.4.3 Relationship Between Loss Factor and Load Factor 15

1.5 Influence of Load Power Factor and Load Distribution on Line Loss 16

1.5.1 Influence of Load Power Factor 16

1.5.2 Influence of Load Distribution of Multi-Branch Line 17

1.6 Influence of Measuring Instrument Error on Line Loss 18

1.6.1 Composition of Electric Energy Metering System and Constitution of Metering Error 18

1.6.2 Composition of Electronic Watt-Hour Meter Error 18

1.6.3 Influence of Metering System Error on the Calculation of Line Loss Rate 19

2 Calculation of Line Loss by Current Load Curve 21

2.1 RMS Current Method and Loss Factor Method 21

2.1.1 RMS Current Method 21

2.1.2 Loss Factor Method 22

2.1.3 Other Calculation Methods 22

2.2 Derivation of Functional Relationship F( f ) by Ideal Load Curve 23

2.2.1 Derivation of F( f ) Formula by Ideal Load Curve with Two Variables 23

2.2.2 Derivation of F( f ) Curve by Ideal Load Curve with Four Variables 26

2.3 Derivation of Approximate Formula of F( f ) by Statistical Mathematical Method 28

2.3.1 Binomial Approximate Formula of F( f) 29

2.3.2 Trinomial Approximate Formula of F( f) 30

2.3.3 Approximate Formula of Family of F( f ) Curves with Four Variables 30

2.4 Derivation of F( f ) Formula by Mathematical Analysis Method 31

2.4.1 Direct Integration Method 31

2.4.2 Subsection Integration Method 32

3 Probability Theory Analysis of Current Load Curve 33

3.1 Probability Meanings of Load Curve and Its Parameters 33

3.1.1 Probability Meaning of Load Duration Curve 33

3.1.2 Probability Meanings of Minimum Load Rate and Load Rate 34

3.1.3 Barth Formula of Loss Factor 35

3.2 Analysis of Rossander Formula as Distribution Function 35

3.2.1 Rossander Formula of Load Duration Curve 35

3.2.2 Exponential Distribution Function 36

3.2.3 Derivation of Loss Factor Formula 37

3.2.4 Comparison of Direct Integration Method and Distribution Function Analysis Method 40

3.3 Comparison of Various Loss Factor Formulas 40

3.3.1 Loss Factor Formula Comparison Procedures Prepared by Monte Carlo Method 41

3.3.2 Comparison Results of Various Loss Factor Formulas 41

3.4 Three-Mode Division of Active Load Duration Curve 42

3.4.1 Three Modes of Load Management in the Electric Power System 42

3.4.2 Differences and Relations of the Three Operation Modes 43

3.4.3 Probability Division of Three Operation Modes 43

4 Calculation of Line Loss by Power Load Curve 49

4.1 Line Loss Calculation Considering Power Factor 49

4.1.1 The Maximum Apparent Power is Caused by the Maximum Active Power 49

4.1.2 The Maximum Apparent Power is Caused by the Maximum Reactive Power 50

4.2 Maximum Load Power Factor Method of Tröger 51

4.3 Annual Average Power Factor Method of Glazynov 51

4.4 Equivalent Load Curve Method 53...