Advanced textbook on inorganic glasses suitable for both undergraduates and researchers.
* Engaging style to facilitate understanding
* Suitable for senior undergraduates, postgraduates and researchers entering material science, engineering, physics, chemistry, optics and photonics fields
* Discusses new techniques in optics and photonics including updates on diagnostic techniques
* Comprehensive and logically structured
Autorentext
Animesh Jha is Professor of Applied Materials Science at the University of Leeds. He is a fellow of the Society of Glass Technology whose research areas include photonic materials, fiber and planar light waveguide devices, spectroscopy of rare-earth and transition metal ions, raman spectroscopy of glass and ceramic materials, minerals and mineralogy.
Inhalt
Series Preface xiii
Preface xv
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Definition of Glassy States 1
1.2 The Glassy State and Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) 1
1.3 Kauzmann Paradox and Negative Change in Entropy 4
1.4 Glass-Forming Characteristics and Thermodynamic Properties 5
1.5 Glass Formation and Co-ordination Number of Cations 14
1.6 Ionicity of Bonds of Oxide Constituents in Glass-Forming Systems 20
1.7 Definitions of Glass Network Formers, Intermediates and Modifiers and Glass-Forming Systems 23
1.7.1 Constituents of Inorganic Glass-Forming Systems 24
1.7.2 Strongly Covalent Inorganic Glass-Forming Networks 26
1.7.3 Conditional Glass Formers Based on Heavy-Metal Oxide Glasses 29
1.7.4 Fluoride and Halide Network Forming and Conditional Glass-Forming Systems 31
1.7.5 Silicon Oxynitride Conditional Glass-Forming Systems 36
1.7.6 Chalcogenide Glass-Forming Systems 37
1.7.7 Chalcohalide Glasses 45
1.8 Conclusions 46
Selected Biography 46
References 46
2. Glass Structure, Properties and Characterization 51
2.1 Introduction 51
2.1.1 Kinetic Theory of Glass Formation and Prediction of Critical Cooling Rates 51
2.1.2 Classical Nucleation Theory 52
2.1.3 Non-Steady State Nucleation 54
2.1.4 Heterogeneous Nucleation 55
2.1.5 Nucleation Studies in Fluoride Glasses 56
2.1.6 Growth Rate 58
2.1.7 Combined Growth and Nucleation Rates, Phase Transformation and Critical Cooling Rate 59
2.2 Thermal Characterization using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) Techniques 62
2.2.1 General Features of a Thermal Characterization 62
2.2.2 Methods of Characterization 63
2.2.3 Determining the Characteristic Temperatures 64
2.2.4 Determination of Apparent Activation Energy of Devitrification 66
2.3 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion of Inorganic Glasses 68
2.4 Viscosity Behaviour in the near-Tg, above Tg and in the Liquidus Temperature Ranges 71
2.5 Density of Inorganic Glasses 75
2.6 Specific Heat and its Temperature Dependence in the Glassy State 76
2.7 Conclusion 77
References 77
3. Bulk Glass Fabrication and Properties 79
3.1 Introduction 79
3.2 Fabrication Steps for Bulk Glasses 80
3.2.1 Chemical Vapour Technique for Oxide Glasses 80
3.2.2 Batch Preparation for Melting Glasses 81
3.2.3 Chemical Treatment Before and During Melting 81
3.3 Chemical Purification Methods for Heavier Oxide (GeO2 and TeO2) Glasses 84
3.4 Drying, Fusion and Melting Techniques for Fluoride Glasses 87
3.4.1 Raw Materials 88
3.4.2 Control of Hydroxyl Ions during Drying and Melting of Fluorides 88
3.5 Chemistry of Purification and Melting Reactions for Chalcogenide Materials 91
3.6 Need for Annealing Glass after Casting 96
3.7 Fabrication of Transparent Glass Ceramics 97
3.8 SolGel Technique for Glass Formation 99
3.8.1 Background Theory 99
3.8.2 Examples of Materials Chemistry and SolGel Forming Techniques 103
3.9 Conclusions 105
References 105
4. Optical Fibre Design, Engineering, Fabrication and Characterization 109
4.1 Introduction to Geometrical Optics of Fibres: Geometrical Optics of Fibres and Waveguides (Propagation, Critical and Acceptance Angles, Numerical Aperture) 109
4.2 Solutions for Dielectric Waveguides using Maxwell's Equation 114
4.2.1 Analysis of Mode Field Diameter in Single Mode Fibres 115
4.3 Materials Properties Affecting Degradation of Signal in Optical Waveguides 117
4.3.1 Total Intrinsic Loss 117
4.3.2 Electronic Absorption 118
4.3.3 Experimental Aspects of Determining the Short Wavelength Absorption 121
4.3.4 Scattering 121
4.3.5 Infrared Absorption 124
4.3.6 Characterization of Vibrational Structures using Raman and IR Spectroscopy 126