Promotes a green approach to chemistry and chemical engineering for a sustainable planet With this text as their guide, students will gain a new outlook on chemistry and engineering. The text fully covers introductory concepts in general, organic, inorganic, and analytical chemistry as well as biochemistry. At the same time, it integrates such concepts as greenhouse gas potential, alternative and renewable energy, solvent selection and recovery, and ecotoxicity. As a result, students learn how to design chemical products and processes that are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Green Chemistry and Engineering presents the green approach as an essential tool for tackling problems in chemistry. A novel feature of the text is its integration of introductory engineering concepts, making it easier for students to move from fundamental science to applications. Throughout this text, the authors integrate several features to help students understand and apply basic concepts in general chemistry as well as green chemistry, including: * Comparisons of the environmental impact of traditional chemistry approaches with green chemistry approaches * Analyses of chemical processes in the context of life-cycle principles, demonstrating how chemistry fits within the complex supply chain * Applications of green chemistry that are relevant to students' lives and professional aspirations * Examples of successful green chemistry endeavors, including Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge winners * Case studies that encourage students to use their critical thinking skills to devise green chemistry solutions Upon completing this text, students will come to understand that chemistry is not antithetical to sustainability, but rather, with the application of green principles, chemistry is the means to a sustainable planet.

ANNE E. MARTEEL-PARRISH, PhD, is Chair of the Chemistry
Department at Washington College, in Maryland, and the inaugural
holder of the college's Frank J. Creegan Chair in Green Chemistry.
Among her honors, Dr. Marteel-Parrish is the recipient of the
American Chemical Society's Committee on Environmental Improvement
Award for Incorporating Sustainability into Chemistry
Education.

MARTIN A. ABRAHAM, PhD, is Professor of Chemical
Engineering and Founding Dean of the College of Science,
Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics at Youngstown State
University. A Fellow of the American Chemical Society and the
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Dr. Abraham maintains an
active research program in reaction engineering and catalysis. He
also serves as Editor for the AIChE's quarterly journal
Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy.

Promotes a green approach to chemistry and chemical
engineering for a sustainable planet

With this text as their guide, students will gain a new outlook
on chemistry and engineering. The text fully covers introductory
concepts in general, organic, inorganic, and analytical chemistry
as well as biochemistry. At the same time, it integrates such
concepts as greenhouse gas potential, alternative and renewable
energy, solvent selection and recovery, and ecotoxicity. As a
result, students learn how to design chemical products and
processes that are sustainable and environmentally friendly.

Green Chemistry and Engineering presents the green
approach as an essential tool for tackling problems in chemistry. A
novel feature of the text is its integration of introductory
engineering concepts, making it easier for students to move from
fundamental science to applications.

Throughout this text, the authors integrate several features to
help students understand and apply basic concepts in general
chemistry as well as green chemistry, including:

* Comparisons of the environmental impact of traditional
chemistry approaches with green chemistry approaches

* Analyses of chemical processes in the context of life-cycle
principles, demonstrating how chemistry fits within the complex
supply chain

* Applications of green chemistry that are relevant to students'
lives and professional aspirations

* Examples of successful green chemistry endeavors, including
Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge winners

* Case studies that encourage students to use their critical
thinking skills to devise green chemistry solutions

Upon completing this text, students will come to understand that
chemistry is not antithetical to sustainability, but rather, with
the application of green principles, chemistry is the means to a
sustainable planet.

Preface xiii

1 UNDERSTANDING THE ISSUES 1

1.1 A Brief History of Chemistry 1

1.1.1 Fermentation: An Ancient Chemical Process 2

1.1.2 The Advent of Modern Chemistry 2

1.1.3 Chemistry in the 20th Century: The Growth of Modern Processes 2

1.1.4 Risks of Chemicals in the Environment 6

1.1.5 Regulations: Controlling Chemical Processes 11

1.2 Twenty-first Century Chemistry, aka Green Chemistry 13

1.2.1 Green chemistry and Pollution Prevention 13

1.2.2 Sustainability 14

1.3 Layout of the Book 18

References 19

2 PRINCIPLES OF GREEN CHEMISTRY AND GREEN ENGINEERING 21

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 Green Chemistry 23

2.2.1 Definition 23

2.2.2 Principles of Green Chemistry and Examples 24

2.2.3 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards 31

2.3 Green Engineering 34

2.3.1 Definition 34

2.3.2 Principles of Green Engineering 35

2.4 Sustainability 38

References 41

3 CHEMISTRY AS AN UNDERLYING FORCE IN ECOSYSTEM INTERACTIONS 43

3.1 Nature and the Environment 44

3.1.1 Air and the Atmosphere (Outdoor and Indoor Pollution) 44

3.1.2 Water (Water Pollutants, Issues Associated with Nonpotable Drinking Water) 52

3.1.3 Chemistry of the Land 53

3.1.4 Energy 56

3.2 Pollution Prevention (P2) 61

3.3 Ecotoxicology 62

3.4 Environmental Assessment Analysis 64

3.5 What Can You Do to Make a Difference? 68

References 70

4 MATTER: THE HEART OF GREEN CHEMISTRY 73

4.1 Matter: Definition, Classification, and the Periodic Table 73

4.1.1 Aluminum (Al) 75

4.1.2 Mercury (Hg) 76

4.1.3 Lead (Pb) 77

4.2 Atomic Structure 77

4.3 Three States of Matter 79

4.4 Molecular and Ionic Compounds 81

4.4.1 Molecular Compounds 82

4.4.2 Ionic Compounds 94

4.5 Chemical Reactions 100

4.6 Mixtures, Acids, and Bases 102

References 107

5 CHEMICAL REACTIONS 109

5.1 Definition of Chemical Reactions and Balancing of Chemical Equations 109

5.2 Chemical Reactions and Quantities of Reactants and Products 112

5.3 Patterns of Chemical Reactions 115

5.3.1 Combination, Synthesis, or Addition Reactions 115

5.3.2 Decomposition Reactions 117

5.3.3 Elimination Reactions 117

5.3.4 Displacement Reactions 118

5.3.5 Exchange or Substitution Reactions 124

5.4 Effectiveness and Efficiency of Chemical Reactions: Yield Versus Atom Economy 135

Reference 138

6 KINETICS, CATALYSIS, AND REACTION ENGINEERING 139

6.1 Basic Concept of Rate 139

6.1.1 Definition of Reaction Rate 139

6.1.2 Parallel Reactions 142

6.1.3 Consecutive Reactions 146

6.1.4 Chemical Equilibrium 150

6.1.5 Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate 153

6.1.6 Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate 159

6.2 Role of Industrial and Biological Catalysts 162

6.2.1 Definition of Catalysts 162

6.2.2 Catalytic Kinetics 166

6.2.3 Types of Catalys…