Fermentation and the use of micro-organisms is one of the most important aspects of food processing - an industry that is worth billions of US dollars world-wide. Integral to the making of goods ranging from beer and wine to yogurt and bread, it is the common denominator between many of our favorite things to eat and drink. In this updated and expanded second edition of Food, Fermentation, and Micro-organisms, all known food applications of fermentation are examined. Beginning with the science underpinning food fermentations, the author looks at the relevant aspects of microbiology and microbial physiology before covering individual foodstuffs and the role of fermentation in their production, as well as the possibilities that exist for fermentation's future development and application. Many chapters, particularly those on cheese, meat, fish, bread, and yoghurt, now feature expanded content and additional illustrations. Furthermore, a newly included chapter looks at indigenous alcoholic beverages. Food, Fermentation, and Micro-organisms, Second Edition is a comprehensive guide for all food scientists, technologists, and microbiologists working in the food industry and academia today. The book will be an important addition to libraries in food companies, research establishments, and universities where food studies, food science, food technology and microbiology are studied and taught.

Professor Charles W. Bamforth, Head of Malting and Brewing Science, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, USA.

Professor David J. Cook, AB InBev Chair in Brewing Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK.

Inhalt

Preface xiii

Introduction 1

Bibliography 3

1 The Science Underpinning Food Fermentations 5

1.1 MicroOrganisms 6

1.2 Microbial Metabolism 8

1.2.1 Nutritional Needs 9

1.2.2 Environmental Impacts 11

1.2.2.1 Temperature 11

1.2.2.2 pH 14

1.2.2.3 Water Activity 14

1.2.2.4 Oxygen 17

1.2.2.5 Radiation 19

1.2.2.6 Hydrostatic Pressure 19

1.2.3 Controlling or Inhibiting Growth of Microorganisms 19

1.2.3.1 Heating 19

1.2.3.2 Cooling 20

1.2.3.3 Drying 20

1.2.3.4 Irradiation 20

1.2.3.5 Filtration 20

1.2.3.6 Chemical Agents 21

1.2.4 Metabolic Events 22

1.2.4.1 Catabolism 22

1.2.4.2 Anabolism 25

1.3 The Origins of the Organisms Employed in Food Fermentations 28

1.4 Some of the Major MicroOrganisms in This Book 30

1.4.1 Yeast 32

1.4.2 Lactic Acid Bacteria 35

1.4.2.1 Lactococcus 36

1.4.2.2 Leuconostoc 36

1.4.2.3 Streptococcus 36

1.4.2.4 Lactobacillus 36

1.4.2.5 Pediococci 36

1.4.2.6 Enterococcus 36

1.5 Providing the Growth Medium for the Organisms 37

1.6 Fermenters 37

1.7 Downstream Processing 37

1.8 Some General Issues for a Number of Foodstuffs 38

1.8.1 Nonenzymatic Browning 38

1.8.2 Enzymatic Browning 40

1.8.3 Caramelisation of Sugars 41

1.8.4 Antioxidants 41

Bibliography 42

2 Beer 43

2.1 Overview of Malting and Brewing 43

2.2 Barley and Malt Production 46

2.3 Mashing: The Production of Sweet Wort 53

2.3.1 Milling 53

2.3.2 Mashing 55

2.3.3 Adjuncts 59

2.3.4 Wort Separation 60

2.3.4.1 Lauter Tun 60

2.3.4.2 Mash Filters 61

2.4 Water 61

2.5 Hops 64

2.6 Wort Boiling and Clarification 66

2.7 Wort Cooling 66

2.8 Yeast 67

2.9 Brewery Fermentations 73

2.10 Filtration 76

2.11 The Stabilisation of Beer 77

2.12 Gas Control 77

2.13 Packaging 78

2.13.1 Filling Bottles and Cans 79

2.13.2 Filling Kegs 79

2.14 The Quality of Beer 80

2.14.1 Flavour 80

2.14.2 Foam 88

2.14.3 Gushing 88

2.15 Spoilage of Beer 88

2.16 Beer Styles 90

Bibliography 90

3 Wine 93

3.1 Grapes 93

3.2 Grape Processing 97

3.2.1 Stemming and Crushing 98

3.2.2 Drainers and Presses 99

3.3 Fermentation 101

3.3.1 Juice 101

3.3.2 Yeast 102

3.4 Clarification 103

3.5 Filtration 104

3.6 Stabilisation 104

3.7 The Use of Other MicroOrganisms in Wine Production 104

3.8 Champagne/Sparkling Wine 105

3.9 Ageing 106

3.10 Packaging 108

3.11 Taints and Gushing 108

3.12 The Composition of Wine 108

3.13 Classifications of Wine 108

3.14 Wine Evaluation 109

Bibliography 110

4 Fortified Wines 111

4.1 Sherry 112

4.2 Port 113

4.3 Madeira 114

Bibliography 115

5 Cider 117

5.1 Apples 118

5.2 Milling and Pressing 121

5.3 Fermentation 122

5.4 Cider Colour and Flavour 125

5.5 Post Fermentation Processes 126

5.6 Problems With Cider 126

5.7 Perry 129

Bibliography 130

6 Distilled Alcoholic Beverages 131

6.1 Whisk(e)y 131

6.1.1 Distillation 133

6.1.2 Whiskey Variants 137

6.2 Cognac 138

6.3 Armagnac and Wine...