Near field communication (NFC) can appear to be a simple intuitive technology for exchanging data between close devices. In reality, these contactless structures that combine components and antennas must respect important and specific working constraints. Illustrated by a number of detailed technological examples, this book discusses the multiple normative (ISO, CEN, NFC Forum, EMVCo, etc.) and regulatory (ERC, FCC, ETSI, radiofrequency, private and ecological pollution, etc.) constraints, as well as the applied, typological, functional, structural, environmental or interoperability constraints that a NFC device might face. Design Constraints for NFC Devices also presents techniques that enable us to free ourselves from the technological constraints of current NFC operations encountered in banking, public transport, administration, automotive, industrial, communicating object and Internet of Things applications.
Autorentext
Dominique Paret is a consultant in radiofrequency identification, contactless technologies, NFC and indoor geolocalization. He teaches electronics and RFID in various engineering schools. He is also the author of several books on RFID technologies.
Inhalt
Acknowledgements xi
Preface xiii
Introduction xvii
Part 1. Introduction to and Reminders About NFC 1
Introduction to Part 1 3
Chapter 1. Recap of the Principles Employed in NFC 5
1.1. The physical fundaments of contactless and NFC 5
1.1.1. Phenomenon of propagation and radiation 5
1.1.2. Classification of fields and spatial regions 6
1.1.3. Spatial regions 6
1.1.4. Far field: r >> /2 (Fraunhofer zone) 6
1.1.5. Intermediary field: r approximately equal to (Fresnel zone) 7
1.1.6. Near field: r << /2 (Rayleigh zone) and the origin of NFC 7
1.1.7. Remarks on contactless, RFID and NFC applications 7
1.2. The concept of NFC 9
1.2.1. BiotSavart law 10
1.2.2. Field H at a point on the axis of a circular antenna 10
1.2.3. Decrease in the field H as a function of d 13
1.2.4. Field H at a point on the axis of a rectangular antenna 14
Chapter 2. Normative Constraints of NFC 17
2.1. Introduction 17
2.1.1. Normative, regulatory and NFC market constraints 17
2.1.2. A little bit of vocabulary 18
2.1.3. Norm 19
2.1.4. Standard 19
2.2. Normative constraints 19
2.2.1. Uplink from initiator to targets 20
2.2.2. Contactless normative constraints on NFC device antennae 27
2.3. Conclusion 36
Chapter 3. Regulatory Constraints and Recommendations 39
3.1. Regulatory constraints specific to NFC and NFC antennas 39
3.1.1. State of RF regulations 39
3.1.2. Constraints pertaining to radiation and pollution by NFC 41
3.1.3. The ERC 70 03 recommendation and the ETSI 300 330 norm 41
3.2. Constraints due to recommendations 45
3.2.1. Exposure of the human body to EM fields 46
3.2.2. Societal constraints due to individual freedoms (privacy) 48
3.2.3. Environmental constraints 50
3.3. Constraints of the NFC market 52
3.3.1. NFC applications of short range devices 52
3.3.2. Costs and market prices desired by users 52
3.3.3. Beware of false advertising 53
Part 2. Constraints Due to the Field of Applications of NFC 55
Introduction to Part 2 57
Chapter 4. Applicational Typologies of the NFC and their Consequences 59
4.1. Applicational typologies of the NFC 59
4.1.1. Technologies 59
4.1.2. NFC Forum Devices and NFC Forum Tags 60
4.1.3. Modes of communication of an NFC Forum Device 62
4.1.4. Role of an NFC Forum Device 63
4.1.5. Applicational typological possibilities and their constraints 64
4.2. Application consequences and their direct constraints 67
4.2.1. Touch & Go typology 67
4.2.2. Touch & Confirm typology 67
4.2.3. Touch & Connect typology 67
4.2.4. Touch & Explore typology 68
Chapter 5. Constraints Due to Fields of Application 69
5.1. Range of technical possibilities of applications 69
5.1.1. In architectures and electronic functions 69
5.1.2. Shapes, dimensions and form factors (publicity aside) 70
5.1.3. Remarks and some clarifications about the table 70
5.1.4. Targets/tags for the monitoring of long-distance races 72
5.1.5. Targets/tags for monitoring luxury items 72
5.2. Segmentation, typologies of markets, their problems and their incidences, and direct technical constraints on NFC devices 73
5.2.1. Market sectors and typologies 74
5.3. Mobile telephony 75
5.4. Banks/money matters/payments 77
5.5. Transport 78
5.5.1. 1st case: card emulation mode in battery-assisted and then flat battery 81
5.5.2. 2nd case: card emulation mode with battery out 81
5.5.3. 3rd case: collisions and loading effects 82
5.6. Automobiles 82
5.6.1. Consumer electronics 85
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