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Prolactin Releasing and Inhibiting Factors in the Posterior Pituitaiy.- The Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis.- Structure-Function Relationship.- Vascular Connections.- Innervation.- Posterior Pituitary Dopamine.- Inhibition of PRL Secretion.- Changes in Synthesis and Turnover Rates.- Regulation of Release.- Posterior Pituitary PRF.- Participation in PRL Release under Different Physiological Conditions.- PRF Activity In Vitro and In Vivo.- Biochemical and Physiological Characterization of PRF.- Cellular Origin.- Summary.- Effects of Prolactin on Target Cells.- Target and Actions of Prolactin.- Reproduction.- Mammary Gland.- Ovary.- Testis.- Accessory Sex Glands.- Feto-Placental Unit.- Homeostatic Mechanisms.- Electrolyte Balance.- Adrenal Gland.- Immune Function.- Liver.- Vasculature.- Feedback Effects.- Additional Actions.- The Signal Transduction Pathway of Prolactin's Actions.- Prolactin and the Prolactin Receptor.- The Prolactin Molecule.- The Prolactin Receptor.- Prolactin-Receptor Complex.- Putative Second Messengers.- Cyclic Nucleotides.- Ions and Ion Channels.- Polyamines.- Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes.- The Phosphatidylinositol-Protein Kinase C System.- Alternative Future Approaches.- Indirect Effects of Prolactin on Target Tissues.- Synlactin.- Evidence for the Existence of Synlactin.- Physiologic Relevance of Synlactin.- Biochemical Characteristics of Synlactin.- Liver Lactogenic Factor.- Evidence for the Existence of Liver Lactogenic Factor.- Physiologic Relevance of LLF.- Biochemical Characteristics of LLF.- Speculation about Synlactin and LLF.- Conclusion.- Cellular and Molecular Aspects of the Neuroendocrine-Immune Dialogue in T-Cell Differentiation.- Cell Populations of the Thymic Microenvironment.- Pathways of T-Cell Differentiation.- Neural Crest Contribution to Thymic Development.- Neuroendocrine Markers of the Thymus.- Intrathymic Synthesis of Neuropeptides.- Thymic Neuropeptide Receptors.- Physiological Significance of Intrathymic Neuropeptide Synthesis.- Relationships between the Thymus and Endocrine Glands.- Growth Hormone and Prolactin.- Hypothalamo-Adrenal Axis.- Gonadal Axes.- Thyroid and Thymus Interactions.- Summary.- The Hippocampus: A Site for Modulatory Interactions between Steroid Hormones, Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides.- Adrenal Steroid Receptors in Brain.- Distribution and In Vivo Occupancy.- Regulated Access of Steroids to Receptors In Vivo.- Corticosterone.- Dexamethasone.- Aldosterone.- Neural Sites and Mechanism of Regulation of Pituitary-Adrenal Activity.- What Is the Impact of Glucocorticoids Secreted During Stress on the Hippocampus and Other Brain Regions?.- Receptor Up- and Down-Regulation.- Glucocorticoid Modulation of Cyclic AMP Formation.- Neuropeptide Actions on and in the Hippocampus.- Vasopressin.- Vasoacive Intestinal Peptide.- ACTH Analogues and the Aging Hippocampus.- Glucocorticoids as General Maintenance Factors for Brain Structure and Glial Cell Neurochemistry.- Glucocorticoids and Neuronal Survival.- Glucocorticoids and Neuronal Death.- Adrenal Secretions Promote Neuronal Survival.- Conclusions and Speculations: Normal versus Pathological Effects of Glucocorticoids on the Hippocampus and Other Brain Structures.- Gastrointestinal Peptide Binding and Function in the Brain: Emphasis on Peptide YY.- Structure of the PP Family Peptide.- Distribution of PYY in the Gut and Brain.- PYY Receptors in the Brain.- Optimum Conditions for Binding Assay.- Affinity and Specificity of [125I]PYY Binding.- Receptor Subtypes.- G Protein and Second Messenger System.- Receptor-Receptor Interaction.- Regional Distribution of PYY Receptors.- Autoradiographic Localization of PYY and NPY Receptors.- Cross-linking of PYY and NPY to Their Receptors.- PYY Actions in the Brain.- Effects of PYY on the Secretion of Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and Other Pituitary Hormones.- Effects of PYY on Feeding Behavior.- Effects of PYY on Temperature Regulation.- Effects of PYY on Learning Behavior.- Other Central Effects and Clinical Implications of PYY in the CSF.- Summary.