Today, among the various chiral discrimination methods, chromatography and capillary electrophoresis techniques have become powerful tools in environmental analysis. Therefore, there is a need to describe the art of the determination of the chiral pollutants in the environmental matrices. This book provides the complete information on the types of the chiral pollutants, their toxicities and methods of determination by chromatography and capillary electrophoresis.
Autorentext
Dr Imran Ali obtained his M.Sc. (1986) and Ph.D. (1990) degrees from the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India. At present, he is working as a Scientist in the National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, India. His research areas of interest are the chiral analysis of biologically and environmentally active chiral compounds, and metal ion speciation using chromatographic and capillary electrophoresis techniques. He also has expertise in water quality and wastewater treatment methodologies. Dr Ali is the author or co-author of more than 70 journal articles, book and encyclopedia chapters, and of a book entitled Chiral Separations by Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies, published by Marcel Dekker, Inc., in New York. Dr Ali has been awarded a 'Khosla Research Award - 1987' by The Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India, for work on the chiral resolution of amino acids. He is a life member of the Indian Science Congress Association.
Professor Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein is a Principal Scientist and Head of the Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Development Laboratory at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. He is the author or co-author of over 500 refereed journal articles, 30 book chapters and 270 conference presentations. He is the author of six books, including Chiral Separation by Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies (Marcel Dekker, Inc.) and The Impact of Stereochemistry on Drug Development and Use (John Wiley&Sons, Ltd). He is amember of the Editorial Board of several journals, including Talanta, Chirality, Biomedical Chromatography, Analytical Letters, Talanta and Chromatographia.
Professor Aboul-Enein is a member of the World Health Organization (WHO) advisory panel on international pharmacopeia and pharmaceutical preparations, and he is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (UK). He received his B.Sc. degree (1964) in pharmacy and pharmaceutical chemistry from Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt, and his M.Sc. (1969) and Ph.D. (1971) degrees in pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry from the University of Mississippi, Oxford, USA. Professor Aboul-Enein's current research interests are in the field of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis and drug development, with a special emphasis on chiral chromatography, ion-selective electrodes and other separation techniques.
Klappentext
The chiral analysis of environmental pollutants is a fairly recent development and attracts scientists needing to investigate the toxicity of enantiomers. For example, approximately 25% of agrochemicals are chiral in nature, including pesticides that are applied as their racemates in agricultural and forestry activities. To predict the exact toxicity of pollutants the determination of the concentration of both enantiomers in environmental matrices is essential. Various approaches to chiral resolution have been developed for the analysis of pharmaceuticals and drugs but this is the first text to present detailed metholodology on the chiral separation of pollutants.
This book is divided into 10 chapters: the first is an introduction to the principles of chirality; Chapters 2 to 9 discuss the sources, distribution, biotransformation, toxicity, sample preparation and chiral resolution of environmental pollutants by chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. In addition, the optimization of experimental parameters for chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic techniques is presented, making this book a useful 'how to' guide to chiral pollutants analysis. Coverage of the types, structures and properties of chiral stationary phases and their applications for the analysis of chiral pollutants is also presented. The concluding chapter reports on chiral legislation globally, and presents perspectives which could guide future research in this area.
This book will be of interest to researchers in biology, analytical chemistry and the environmental in industry, academia and governmental regulatory agencies.
Inhalt
Preface.
Acknowledgements.
About the Book.
About the Authors.
1 Introduction.
1.1 The Importance of the Environment.
1.2 Environmental Pollutants.
1.3 Chirality and its Occurrence.
1.4 The Chemical Evolution of Chirality.
1.5 The Electronic Theory of Chirality.
1.6 The Importance of Chirality.
1.7 Nomenclature for Chiral Pollutants.
1.8 Chirality in Environmental Pollutants.
1.9 Chirality and its Consequences in the Environment.
1.10 The Enantiomeric Ratio and Fractions of Chiral Pollutants.
1.11 Methods for the Separation of Chiral Pollutants.
1.11.1 Chromatographic Methods.
1.11.2 The Capillary Electrophoretic Method.
1.12 Chiral Selectors in Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis.
1.13 Detection in Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis.
1.14 Other Methods of Separation of Chiral Pollutants.
References.
2 Chiral Pollutants: Sources and Distribution.
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Sources of Contamination.
2.3 The Distribution of Chiral Pollutants.
2.3.1 Distribution in Water.
2.3.2 Distribution in Sediment.
2.3.3 Distribution in Soil.
2.3.4 Distribution in Air.
2.3.5 Distribution in Aquatic and Amphibian Biota.
2.3.6 Distribution in Terrestrial Biota.
2.3.7 Distribution in Food Products.
2.4 Conclusions.
References.
3 Chiral Pollutants: Biotransformation, Biodegradation and Metabolism.
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 The Mechanisms of the Interactions of Chiral Xenobiotics in Biological Systems.
3.3 The Fate of Chiral Pollutants in the Ecosystem.
3.3.1 Biotransformation.
3.4 Photochemical Conversion.
3.5 Metabolism.
3.6 Conclusions.
References.
4 The Enantioselective Toxicities of Chiral Pollutants.
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 The Enantioselective Toxicities of PCBs.
4.3 The Enantioselective Toxicities of HCH.
4.4 The Enantioselective Toxicities of Other Chlorinated Pesticides.
4.5 The Enantioselective Toxicities of Phosphorous Pesticides.
4.6 The Enantioselective Toxicities of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs).
4.7 The Enantioselective Toxicities of Other Xenobiotics.
4.8 The Enantioselective Toxicities of Drugs and Pharmaceuticals.
4.9 Conclusions.
References.
5 Sample Preparation.
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Sampling.
5.3 Filtration.
5.4 Homogenization.
5.5 Extraction.
5.5.1 The Extraction of Solid Samples.
5.5.2 The Extraction of Liquid Samples.
5.6 Membrane Methods in Sample Preparation.
5.7 Clean-up.
5.8 Pre-concentration.
5.9 Conclusions.
References.
6 The Analysis of Chiral Pollutants by Gas Chromatography.
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Chiral Selectors.
6.2.1 Structures and Properties.
6.2.2 Preparation and Commercialization.
6.2.3 Other Chiral GC CSPs.
6.3 Applications.
6.4 The Optimization of GC Conditions.
6.4.1 Mobile Phases.
6.4.2 Temperature.
6.4.3 The Column Dimensions.
6.4.4 Struct…