Disease Resistance in Plants, Second Edition, looks at genetic, epidemiologic, biochemical, and biometric principles for developing new cultivars possessing genetic resistance to diseases. It examines the nature of disease resistance and resistance genes, and it highlights the importance of stabilizing selection, sugar, biotrophy, and necrotrophy to obtain the greatest possible yields. Organized into 17 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of disease resistance in plants and the ways to develop disease-resistant variants. It then discusses unspecific resistance; the resistance gene paradox; susceptibility and resistance within narrow host taxa; phenotypic variation and gene numbers in host plants; discontinuous variation and cytoplasmic inheritance; and experimental difficulties in partitioning variance. The reader is also introduced to epistasis and the structure of virulence in pathogens; the notion of physiological race; how the pathogen adapts to the host; mutation in the pathogen from avirulence to virulence; horizontal and vertical resistance to disease and its epidemiological effects; and the link between protein polymorphism and vertical resistance. In addition, the book discusses genes for susceptibility in the host versus genes for avirulence (or virulence) in the pathogen; sink-induced loss of resistance; high-sugar disease processes and biotrophy; slow rusting of cereal crops; plant resistance against endemic disease; and the accumulation of resistance genes in heterogeneous host populations. This book will be useful to plant pathologists and plant breeders.
Inhalt
Preface
Preface to the First Edition
1 Introduction
Text
2 Unspecific Resistance
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Diagonal Check for Specificity in a Gene-for-Gene Relation
2.3 The Resistance Gene Paradox
2.4 The Potato-Phytophthora System
2.5 Hosts and Nonhosts
2.6 Host-Specific Toxins
2.7 Discussion
3 Host Plants: Phenotypic Variation and Gene Numbers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Partition of Variance
3.3 Discontinuous Variation with Many Genes Involved: Pseudomonogenic Resistance
3.4 Discontinuous Variation with Few Genes Involved
3.5 Discontinuous Variation and Cytoplasmic Inheritance
3.6 Continuous Variation
3.7 Background to the Polygene Story
3.8 The Error of Expecting Safety in Numbers: Additive Variance
3.9 Experimental Difficulties in Partitioning Variance
4 The Pathogen: Epistasis and Virulence
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The ABC-XYZ Classification and Diallel Gene Pairing
4.3 Virulence Dissociation
4.4 Epistasis-Environment Interaction
4.5 Danger in Artifacts
4.6 Virulence Association
4.7 Definition of a Physiological Race
5 Adaptation of the Pathogen to the Host: Wheat Stem Rust in Australia
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Direct Adaptation of the Pathogen to the Host
5.3 Indirect Adaptation of the Pathogen to the Host
5.4 Discussion
6 Mutation in the Pathogen from Avirulence to Virulence
6.1 Variable Mutation Rates
6.2 Wild-Type Pathogen Populations
6.3 Viral Diseases
6.4 Bacterial Diseases
6.5 Fungal Diseases
6.6 Inoperative and Operative Mutation
6.7 Epidemiological Mutation
7 Horizontal and Vertical Resistance
7.1 Definitions in a Two-Variable System
7.2 The Geometric Illustration
7.3 Illustration by Analysis of Variance
7.4 Illustration by Ranking Order
7.5 Vertical Resistance Effective Only against Initial Inoculum
7.6 Interrupted or Uninterrupted Presence of Disease or Inoculum
7.7 Vertical Partial Resistance
7.8 Adult-Plant Resistance: Scheibe's Rule
7.9 Higher-Order Interactions
7.10 How Realistic Is the Definition of Horizontal Resistance?
7.11 A Third Variable
7.12 Qualitative and Quantitative Variation in Host and Pathogen
7.13 Unclassified Resistance
7.14 Pseudospecificity
7.15 Remnants of Horizontal Resistance
7.16 Horizontal Resistance and Stabilizing Selection
8 Remnants of Resistance
8.1 Three Questions
8.2 The Vertifolia Effect
8.3 Ghost Resistance
8.4 The Either/Or Avirulence/Virulence Error
8.5 The Horizontal Resistance Equivalent
9 Protein Polymorphism and Vertical Resistance
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Molecular Association in Specific Susceptibility
9.3 Molecular Storage of Massive Variation
9.4 Endothermic Susceptibility
9.5 Individuality in Temperature Responses
9.6 Vertical Resistance
9.7 Coping with Recessive Resistance
9.8 Test to Distinguish Vertical from Horizontal Partial Resistance
9.9 The Gene-for-Gene Hypothesis
10 Genes for Susceptibility
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Vavilov's Rule
10.3 The Corollary of Vavilov's Rule
10.4 Some Misinterpreted Evidence
10.5 Biotropic Semibenign Infection
10.6 Wounds and Infections: Role of Peroxidase
10.7 Ultrastructural Evidence
10.8 Protein Polymerization
10.9 The Pathogen's Protein
10.10 Theory of Reciprocal Mutation
11 Sink-Induced Loss of Resistance
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Stalk Rot of Maize
11.3 Sugar and Resistance to Maize Stalk Rot
11.4 Ecological Topics
11.5 The Vertifolia Effect Again
11.6 Low-Sugar Disease Processes
11.7 Theories about High-Sugar Resistance
11.8 Discussion
12 High-Sugar Disease Processes and Biotrophy
12.1 Introduction
12.2 High-Sugar Susceptibility
12.3 The Sugar Effect
12.4 Reversal of Resistance to Powdery Mildew
13 Epidemiological Effects of Vertical Resistance
13.1 Resistance in Relation to an Increase in the Population of the Pathogen
13.2 The Effect of Vertical Resistance: The General Rule
13.3 The Effect of Vertical Resistance: Some Illustrative Data
13.4 Vertical Resistance: The Price of Varietal Popularity
13.5 Vertical Resistance: The Enhancing Effect of Horizontal Resistance
13.6 Generalized Disease Progress Curves for the Study of the Effects of Resistance
13.7 The Compound Interest Equation: Logarithmic Increase of Disease
13.8 An Equation for the Effect of Vertical Resistance
13.9 An Analysis of Some Experimental Data
13.10 Graphical Representation of Equation (13.1)
13.11 Vertical Resistance: The Quantitative Effect of Varietal Popularity
13.12 The Effect of Vertical Resistance after the Logarithmic Phase of the Epidemic
13.13 Independence of Initial Inoculum and the Logarithmic Infection Rate: The Start of an Epidemic
13.14 Appendix: Vertical Resistance That Reduces the Infection Rate
14 Epidemiological Effects of Horizontal Resistance
14.1 Introduction
14.2 History of Blight Resistance in Three Potato Varieties
14.3 Horizontal Resistance and a Reduced Infection Rate
14.4 Components of Horizontal Resistance
14.5 Ontogenic Effects
15 Slow Rusting of Cereal Crops
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Late Rusting and Slow Rusting
15.3 Maize Rust
15.4 Resistance before and Susceptibility after Flowering
15.5 Sink-Associated and Sink-Induced Loss of Resistance
15.6 Breeding for Horizontal Slow-Rusting Resistance
16 Resistance against Endemic Disease
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The Progeny/Parent Ratio
16.3 Infection Rates and Disease Levels