A timely, hands-on guide to environmental issues and regulatory
standards for the petroleum industry

Environmental analysis and testing methods are an integral part of
any current and future refining activities. Today's petroleum
refining industry must be prepared to meet a growing number of
challenges, both environmental and regulatory.

Environmental Analysis and Technology for the Refining Industry
focuses on the analytical issues inherent in any environmental
monitoring or cleanup program as they apply to today's petroleum
industry, not only during the refining process, but also during
recovery operations, transport, storage, and utilization. Designed
to help today's industry professionals identify test methods for
monitoring and cleanup of petroleum-based pollutants, the book
provides examples of the application of environmental regulations
to petroleum refining and petroleum products, as well as current
and proposed methods for the mitigation of environmental effects
and waste management.

Part I introduces petroleum technology, refining, and products, and
reviews the nomenclature used by refiners, environmental
scientists, and engineers. Part II discusses environmental
technology and analysis, and provides information on environmental
regulation and the impact of refining.

Coverage includes:

* In-depth descriptions of analyses related to gaseous emissions,
liquid effluents, and solid waste

* A checklist of relevant environmental regulations

* Numerous real-world examples of the application of environmental
regulations to petroleum refining and petroleum products

* An analysis of current and proposed methods of environmental
protection and waste management

JAMES G. SPEIGHT, PHD, is an author, consultant, and lecturer on energy and environmental issues. He has written nearly thirty books, including Handbook of Petroleum Analysis, Handbook of Petroleum Product Analysis, and Handbook of Coal Analysis, all published by Wiley.

Klappentext

A TIMELY, HANDS-ON GUIDE TO ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND REGULATORY STANDARDS FOR THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

Environmental analysis and testing methods are an integral part of any current and future refining activities. Today's petroleum refining industry must be prepared to meet a growing number of challenges, both environmental and regulatory.

Environmental Analysis and Technology for the Refining Industry focuses on the analytical issues inherent in any environmental monitoring or cleanup program as they apply to today's petroleum industry, not only during the refining process, but also during recovery operations, transport, storage, and utilization. Designed to help today's industry professionals identify test methods for monitoring and cleanup of petroleum-based pollutants, the book provides examples of the application of environmental regulations to petroleum refining and petroleum products, as well as current and proposed methods for the mitigation of environmental effects and waste management.

Part I introduces petroleum technology, refining, and products, and reviews the nomenclature used by refiners, environmental scientists, and engineers. Part II discusses environmental technology and analysis, and provides information on environmental regulation and the impact of refining.

Coverage includes:

• In-depth descriptions of analyses related to gaseous emissions, liquid effluents, and solid waste
• A checklist of relevant environmental regulations
• Numerous real-world examples of the application of environmental regulations to petroleum refining and petroleum products
• An analysis of current and proposed methods of environmental protection and waste management

Preface xi

Part I Petroleum Technology 1

Chapter 1 Definitions and Terminology 3

1.1 The Environment 4

1.2 Petroleum 9

1.3 Classification 11

1.3.1 Chemical Composition 12

1.3.2 Correlation Index 13

1.3.3 Density 14

1.3.4 Carbon Distribution 15

1.3.5 ViscosityGravity Constant 15

1.3.6 UOP Characterization Factor 16

1.4 Petroleum Products 16

1.4.1 Boiling Range 19

1.4.2 Environmental Behavior 19

1.5 Refinery Waste 20

1.5.1 Chemical Characteristics 21

1.5.2 Environmental Behavior 25

References 27

Chapter 2 Composition and Properties 31

2.1 Composition 32

2.1.1 Elemental Composition 32

2.1.2 Chemical Composition 33

2.1.3 Composition by Volatility 35

2.1.4 Composition by Fractionation 37

2.2 Properties 40

2.2.1 Density and Specific Gravity 40

2.2.2 Elemental (Ultimate) Analysis 41

2.2.3 Fractionation by Chromatography 42

2.2.4 Liquefaction and Solidification 44

2.2.5 Metals Content 44

2.2.6 Spectroscopic Properties 45

2.2.7 Surface and Interfacial Tension 47

2.2.8 Viscosity 49

2.2.9 Volatility 51

References 53

Chapter 3 Refinery Products and By-Products 57

3.1 Refinery Products 60

3.1.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas 64

3.1.2 Naphtha, Gasoline, and Solvents 68

3.1.3 Kerosene and Diesel Fuel 71

3.1.4 Fuel Oil 71

3.1.5 Lubricating Oil 74

3.1.6 White Oil, Insulating Oil, and Insecticides 75

3.1.7 Grease 75

3.1.8 Wax 76

3.1.9 Asphalt 77

3.1.10 Coke 77

3.2 Petrochemicals 78

3.3 Refinery Chemicals 80

3.3.1 Alkalis 80

3.3.2 Acids 81

3.3.3 Catalysts 83

References 86

Chapter 4 Refinery Wastes 87

4.1 Process Wastes 90

4.1.1 Desalting 92

4.1.2 Distillation 93

4.1.3 Visbreaking and Coking 96

4.1.4 Fluid Catalytic Cracking 98

4.1.5 Hydrocracking and Hydrotreating 99

4.1.6 Alkylation and Polymerization 101

4.1.7 Catalytic Reformi…