Organic Trace Analysis by Liquid Chromatography focuses on high-performance liquid chromatography in the field of formulations analysis, which includes quality control of pharmaceutical preparations, pesticide formulations, cosmetics, and food colors. This book explores the application of liquid chromatography to trace analysis. Organized into 10 chapters, this book starts with an overview of the special requirements of liquid chromatography for trace analysis. This text then compares the approach to gas chromatography and formulations analysis, noting the significant difference. Other chapters consider the liquid chromatography equipment and examine the best types and conditions of instrumentation suitable for trace analysis. This book discusses as well the chromatography theory and includes descriptive accounts of the principles of the different forms of chromatography. The final chapter describes the typical approaches that are used for trace analysis. This book is a valuable resource for analysts engaged in the determination of trace organics in many various substrates.

Preface
1 General Considerations in Developing a Trace Analytical Technique Employing Liquid Chromatography

I. Liquid Chromatography versus Gas Chromatography

II. Residue Analysis versus Formulations Analysis

III. Pump and Injector Requirements

IV. Detectors

V. Chromatography

VI. Extraction and Cleanup

VII. Minimum Detectable Levels

VIII. Matrix Effects

IX. Use of Derivatization

X. Microprocessors and Automation

References

2 Pumping Systems

I. Introduction

II. Constant Volume Pumps

III. Constant Pressure Pumps

IV. Gradient Elution

V. Comparison of Pumping Systems

3 Sampling Technique and Injection Ports

I. Effect of Sample Solution on Peak Shape

II. Requirements for Trace Analysis

III. Types of Injection Ports

References

4 Chromatography Columns and Packing Materials

I. Requirements for Trace Analysis

II. Pellicular versus Microparticulate Porous Packings

III. Commercial Prepacked Columns

IV. Column Packing Techniques

V. Stationary-Phase Materials

References

5 Detectors

I. Introduction

II. General Detector Requirements

III. Photometric Detectors

IV. Electrochemical Detectors

V. Solute Transport Detectors

VI. Refractive Index Detectors

VII. Mass Spectrometer

VIII. Other Detectors

References

6 Chromatography Theory

I. Fundamental Principles

II. Adsorption Chromatography

III. Partition Chromatography

IV. Macroreticular Resins

V. Ion-Pair Chromatography

VI. Ion-Exchange Chromatography

VII. Ion Chromatography

VIII. Gel Permeation Chromatography

IX. Ligand-Exchange Chromatography

X. Charge-Transfer Chromatography

References

7 Chemical Derivatization

I. Introduction

II. UV-Absorbance Derivatization

III. Fluorescence Derivatization

IV. Derivatization for Other Detection Modes

V. Postcolumn Reactions

References

8 Sample Extraction and Cleanup

I. Considerations

II. Sample Extraction

III. Sample Cleanup

IV. Column Chromatography

V. Thin-Layer Chromatography

VI. Distillation

VII. Low-Temperature Precipitation

References

9 Approach to Method Development and Routine Analysis

I. Choosing the Best Chromatography System

II. Analysis Time and Interfering Peaks

III. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis and Confirmation

IV. Automation

V. Integration of LC with Other Analytical Techniques

VI. LC as a Cleanup Technique

References

10 Applications

I. Introduction

II. Clinical (Biological Fluids and Tissues)

III. Environmental

IV. Foods

References

Index