Leading experts present the latest technology and applications in
adaptive optics for vision science

Featuring contributions from the foremost researchers in the field,
Adaptive Optics for Vision Science is the first book devoted
entirely to providing the fundamentals of adaptive optics along
with its practical applications in vision science. The material for
this book stems from collaborations fostered by the Center for
Adaptive Optics, a consortium of more than thirty universities,
government laboratories, and corporations.

Although the book is written primarily for researchers in vision
science and ophthalmology, the field of adaptive optics has strong
roots in astronomy. Researchers in both fields share this
technology and, for this reason, the book includes chapters by both
astronomers and vision scientists.

Following the introduction, chapters are divided into the following
sections:

* Wavefront Measurement and Correction

* Retinal Imaging Applications

* Vision Correction Applications

* Design Examples

Readers will discover the remarkable proliferation of new
applications of wavefront-related technologies developed for the
human eye. For example, the book explores how wavefront sensors
offer the promise of a new generation of vision correction methods
that can deal with higher order aberrations beyond defocus and
astigmatism, and how adaptive optics can produce images of the
living retina with unprecedented resolution.

An appendix includes the Optical Society of America's Standards for
Reporting Optical Aberrations. A glossary of terms and a symbol
table are also included.

Adaptive Optics for Vision Science arms engineers, scientists,
clinicians, and students with the basic concepts, engineering
tools, and techniques needed to master adaptive optics applications
in vision science and ophthalmology. Moreover, readers will
discover the latest thinking and findings from the leading
innovators in the field.

Julianna E. Lin, M.Eng, is a member of the Research and Technology Staff for the Xerox Innovation Group at the Wilson Center for Research and Technology in Webster, NY.

Hope Marcotte Queener, M.Sc, is an Application Developer at the University of Houston College of Optometry.

Karen Thorn

Abdul Awwal, PhD, is a Research Scientist at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

Featuring contributions from the foremost researchers in the field, Adaptive Optics for Vision Science is the first book devoted entirely to providing the fundamentals of adaptive optics along with its practical applications in vision science. The material for this book stems from collaborations fostered by the Center for Adaptive Optics, a consortium of more than thirty universities, government laboratories, and corporations.

Although the book is written primarily for researchers in vision science and ophthalmology, the field of adaptive optics has strong roots in astronomy. Researchers in both fields share this technology and, for this reason, the book includes chapters by both astronomers and vision scientists.

Following the introduction, chapters are divided into the following sections:

• Wavefront Measurement and Correction
• Retinal Imaging Applications
• Vision Correction Applications
• Design Examples

Readers will discover the remarkable proliferation of new applications of wavefront-related technologies developed for the human eye. For example, the book explores how wavefront sensors offer the promise of a new generation of vision correction methods that can deal with higher order aberrations beyond defocus and astigmatism, and how adaptive optics can produce images of the living retina with unprecedented resolution.

An appendix includes the Optical Society of America's Standards for Reporting Optical Aberrations. A glossary of terms and a symbol table are also included.

Adaptive Optics for Vision Science arms engineers, scientists, clinicians, and students with the basic concepts, engineering tools, and techniques needed to master adaptive optics applications in vision science and ophthalmology. Moreover, readers will discover the latest thinking and findings from the leading innovators in the field.

FOREWORD xvii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxi

CONTRIBUTORS xxiii

PART ONE INTRODUCTION 1

1 Development of Adaptive Optics in Vision Science and Ophthalmology 3
David R. Williams and Jason Porter

1.1 Brief History of Aberration Correction in the Human Eye 3

1.1.1 Vision Correction 3

1.1.2 Retinal Imaging 5

1.2 Applications of Ocular Adaptive Optics 9

1.2.1 Vision Correction 9

1.2.2 Retinal Imaging 11

PART TWO WAVEFRONT MEASUREMENT AND CORRECTION 31

2 Aberration Structure of the Human Eye 33
Pablo Artal, Juan M. Bueno, Antonio Guirao, and Pedro M. Prieto

2.1 Introduction 33

2.2 Location of Monochromatic Aberrations Within the Eye 34

2.3 Temporal Properties of Aberrations: Accommodation and Aging 40

2.3.1 Effect of Accommodation on Aberrations and Their Correction 40

2.3.2 Aging and Aberrations 42

2.4 Chromatic Aberrations 43

2.4.1 Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration 44

2.4.2 Transverse Chromatic Aberration 45

2.4.3 Interaction Between Monochromatic and Chromatic Aberrations 45

2.5 Off-Axis Aberrations 46

2.5.1 Peripheral Refraction 47

2.5.2 Monochromatic and Chromatic Off-Axis Aberrations 48

2.5.3 Monochromatic Image Quality and Correction of Off-Axis Aberrations 51

2.6 Statistics of Aberrations in Normal Populations 52

2.7 Effects of Polarization and Scatter 53

2.7.1 Impact of Polarization on the Ocular Aberrations 53

2.7.2 Intraocular Scatter 55

3 Wavefront Sensing and Diagnostic Uses 63
Geunyoung Yoon

3.1 Wavefront Sensors for the Eye 63

3.1.1 Spatially Resolved Refractometer 65

3.1.2 Laser Ray Tracing 65

3.1.3 ShackHartmann Wavefront Sensor 66

3.2 Optimizing a ShackHartmann Wavefront Sensor 68

3.2.1 Number of Lenslets Versus Number of Zernike Coefficients 68

3.2.2 Trade-off Between Dynamic Range and Measurement Sensitivity 71

3.2.3 Focal Length of the Lenslet Array 73

3.2.4 Increasing the Dynamic Range of a Wavefront Sensor Without Losing Measurement Sensitivity 74

3.3 Calibration of a Wavefront Sensor 75

3.3.1 Reconstruction Algorithm 76

3.3.2 System Aberrations 77

3.4 Summary 79

4 Wavefront Correctors for Vision Science 83
Nathan Doble and Donald T. Miller

4.1 Introduction 83

4.2 Principal Components of an AO System 84

4.3 Wavefront Correctors 86

4.4 Wavefront Correctors Used in Vision Science 88

4.4.1 Macroscopic Discrete Actuator Deformable Mirrors 89

4.4.2 Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulators 90

4.4.3 Bimorph Mirrors 91

4.4.4 Microelectromechanical Systems 92

4.5 Performance Predictions for Various Types of Wavefront Correctors 95

4.5.1 Description of Two Large Populations 98

4.5.2 Required Corrector Stroke 99

4.5.3 Discrete Actuator Deformable Mirrors 101

4.5.4 Piston-Only Segmented Mirrors 106

4.5.5 Piston/Tip/Tilt Segmented Mirror…