Provides comprehensive coverage on using X-ray fluorescence for laboratory applications
This book focuses on the practical aspects of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy and discusses the requirements for a successful sample analysis, such as sample preparation, measurement techniques and calibration, as well as the quality of the analysis results.
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Laboratory Applications begins with a short overview of the physical fundamentals of the generation of X-rays and their interaction with the sample material, followed by a presentation of the different methods of sample preparation in dependence on the quality of the source material and the objective of the measurement. After a short description of the different available equipment types and their respective performance, the book provides in-depth information on the choice of the optimal measurement conditions and the processing of the measurement results. It covers instrument types for XRF; acquisition and evaluation of X-Ray spectra; analytical errors; analysis of homogeneous materials, powders, and liquids; special applications of XRF; process control and automation.
- An important resource for the analytical chemist, providing concrete guidelines and support for everyday analyses
- Focuses on daily laboratory work with commercially available devices
- Offers a unique compilation of knowledge and best practices from equipment manufacturers and users
- Covers the entire work process: sample preparation, the actual measurement, data processing, assessment of uncertainty, and accuracy of the obtained results
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Laboratory Applications appeals to analytical chemists, analytical laboratories, materials scientists, environmental chemists, chemical engineers, biotechnologists, and pharma engineers.
Autorentext
Dr. Michael Haschke has been working in the product management of various companies for more than 35 years where he was responsible for the development and introduction to market of new x-ray fluorescence techniques, mainly in the field of energy-dissipative spectroscopy.
Dr. Jörg Flock is Head of the Central Laboratory of ThyssenKrupp Stahl AG and well-versed with different analytical techniques, in particular with x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. He has extensive practical experience of using this technique for the analysis of samples with different qualities and the interpretation of the acquired results.
Michael Haller has been using X-rays as an analytical tool for over thirty years, first in X-ray crystallography, then later in the development and application of polycapillary X-ray optics. Further he has developed new applications for coating thickness instruments. In 2018 he became co-owner of CrossRoads Scientific, a company specializing in the development of analytical X-ray software.
Zusammenfassung
Provides comprehensive coverage on using X-ray fluorescence for laboratory applications
This book focuses on the practical aspects of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy and discusses the requirements for a successful sample analysis, such as sample preparation, measurement techniques and calibration, as well as the quality of the analysis results.
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Laboratory Applications begins with a short overview of the physical fundamentals of the generation of X-rays and their interaction with the sample material, followed by a presentation of the different methods of sample preparation in dependence on the quality of the source material and the objective of the measurement. After a short description of the different available equipment types and their respective performance, the book provides in-depth information on the choice of the optimal measurement conditions and the processing of the measurement results. It covers instrument types for XRF; acquisition and evaluation of X-Ray spectra; analytical errors; analysis of homogeneous materials, powders, and liquids; special applications of XRF; process control and automation.
- An important resource for the analytical chemist, providing concrete guidelines and support for everyday analyses
- Focuses on daily laboratory work with commercially available devices
- Offers a unique compilation of knowledge and best practices from equipment manufacturers and users
- Covers the entire work process: sample preparation, the actual measurement, data processing, assessment of uncertainty, and accuracy of the obtained results
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Laboratory Applications appeals to analytical chemists, analytical laboratories, materials scientists, environmental chemists, chemical engineers, biotechnologists, and pharma engineers.
Inhalt
Preface xvii
List of Abbreviations and Symbols xix
About the Authors xxiii
1 Introduction 1
2 Principles of X-ray Spectrometry 7
2.1 Analytical Performance 7
2.2 X-ray Radiation and Their Interaction 11
2.3 The Development of X-ray Spectrometry 21
2.4 Carrying Out an Analysis 26
3 Sample Preparation 31
3.1 Objectives of Sample Preparation 31
3.2 Preparation Techniques 32
3.3 Preparation of Compact and Homogeneous Materials 39
3.4 Small Parts Materials 41
3.5 Liquid Samples 55
3.6 Biological Materials 58
3.7 Small Particles, Dust, and Aerosols 59
4 XRF Instrument Types 61
4.1 General Design of an X-ray Spectrometer 61
4.2 Comparison of Wavelength- and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometers 63
4.2.5 Radiation Flux 75
4.3 Type of Instruments 80
4.4 Commercially Available Instrument Types 98
5 Measurement and Evaluation of X-ray Spectra 99
5.1 Information Content of the Spectra 99
5.2 Procedural Steps to Execute a Measurement 101
5.3 Selecting the Measurement Conditions 102
5.4 Determination of Peak Intensity 112
5.5 Quantication Models 117
5.6 Characterization of Layered Materials 133
5.7 Chemometric Methods for Material Characterization 140
5.8 Creation of an Application 143
6 Analytical Errors 149
6.1 General Considerations 149
6.2 Types of Errors 156
6.3 Accounting for Systematic Errors 159
6.4 Recording of Error Information 164
7 Other Element Analytical Methods 167
7.1 Overview 167
7.2 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) 168
7.3 Optical Emission Spectrometry 169
7.4 Mass Spectrometry (MS) 172
7.5 X-Ray Spectrometry by Particle Excitation (SEM-EDS, PIXE) 173
7.6 Comparison of Methods 175
8 Radiation Protection 177
8.1 Basic Principles 177
8.2 Eects of Ioniz…