This book serves as a training tool for individuals in industry and academia involved with heat transfer applications. Although the literature is inundated with texts emphasizing theory and theoretical derivations, the goal of this book is to present the subject of heat transfer from a strictly pragmatic point of view. The book is divided into four Parts: Introduction, Principles, Equipment Design Procedures and Applications, and ABET-related Topics. The first Part provides a series of chapters concerned with introductory topics that are required when solving most engineering problems, including those in heat transfer. The second Part of the book is concerned with heat transfer principles. Topics that receive treatment include Steady-state Heat Conduction, Unsteady-state Heat Conduction, Forced Convection, Free Convection, Radiation, Boiling and Condensation, and Cryogenics. Part three (considered the heart of the book) addresses heat transfer equipment design procedures and applications. In addition to providing a detailed treatment of the various types of heat exchangers, this part also examines the impact of entropy calculations on exchanger design, and operation, maintenance and inspection (OM&I), plus refractory and insulation effects. The concluding Part of the text examines ABET (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology) related topics of concern, including economies and finance, numerical methods, open-ended problems, ethics, environmental management, and safety and accident management.

It is hard to imagine an area of study in engineering and/or science for which a basic knowledge and understanding of heat transfer is not an integral part of the discipline. Written at a level that is understandable to both students and practitioners, Heat Transfer Applications for the Practicing Engineer takes a highly pragmatic approach to this important topic. The book's coverage is thorough, its presentation is logical, and it addresses students' needs as well as the needs of the practicing professional.

Although geared towards chemical, mechanical, civil, and environmental engineers working on real-world industrial applications, applied scientists will also find the text a useful reference.

The book is divided into four parts. Part I addresses basic engineering principles. Part II is concerned with heat transfer fundamentals, particularly as they apply to conduction, convection, and radiation. Part III extends the material presented earlier to real-world heat transfer applications. Part IV provides ABET (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology) material from a heat transfer perspective. The text features:

• Coverage of topics from the ground up for those readers with little to no background in heat transfer

• Clear, precise explanations on how to carry out calculations associated with heat transfer

• Bridges the gap between heat transfer theory and practice

• Provides specific heat exchange operation, maintenance, and inspection (OH&I) details

• Presents "rules of thumb" suggestions for heat exchanger design and predictive purposes

• Nearly 300 illustrative examples

• Material that prepares one for the professional engineer's exam

• Additional problems on a Wiley website; solutions to these problems plus exams are available for those who adopt the text

Readers will gain a solid working knowledge of heat transfer fundamentals, principles, and applications upon completion of this text, and be better prepared to pass the professional engineer's exam, address more advanced material, and solve more complex problems.

Introductory Comments xvii

Part One Introduction

1. History of Heat Transfer 3

Introduction 3

Peripheral Equipment 4

Recent History 5

References 6

2. History of Chemical Engineering: Transport Phenomena vs Unit Operations 7

Introduction 7

History of Chemical Engineering 8

Transport Phenomena vs Unit Operations 10

What is Engineering? 12

References 13

3. Process Variables 15

Introduction 15

Units and Dimensional Consistency 16

Key Terms and Definitions 19

Fluids 19

Temperature 19

Pressure 20

Moles and Molecular Weights 22

Mass and Volume 23

Viscosity 25

Heat Capacity 27

Thermal Conductivity 28

Thermal Diffusivity 30

Reynolds Number 30

Kinetic Energy 31

Potential Energy 32

Determination of Dimensionless Groups 33

References 36

4. Conservation Laws 37

Introduction 37

The Conservation Laws 38

The Conservation Law for Momentum 38

The Conservation Law for Mass 40

The Conservation Law for Energy 45

References 54

5. Gas Laws 55

Introduction 55

Boyle's and Charles' Laws 56

The Ideal Gas Law 57

Standard Conditions 60

Partial Pressure and Partial Volume 63

Non-Ideal Gas Behavior 65

References 65

6. Heat Exchanger Pipes and Tubes 67

Introduction 67

Pipes 67

Tubes 73

Valves and Fittings 75

Valves 75

Fittings 77

Noncircular Conduits 78

Flow Considerations 80

References 83

Part Two Principles

7. Steady-State Heat Conduction 87

Introduction 87

Fourier's Law 87

Conductivity Resistances 90

Microscopic Approach 99

Applications 102

References 114

8. Unsteady-State Heat Conduction 115

Introduction 115

Classification of Unsteady-State Heat Conduction Processes 116

Microscopic Equations 117

Applications 118

References 130

9. Forced Convection 131

Introduction 131

Convective Resistances 134

Heat Transfer Coefficients: Qualitative Information 137

Heat Transfer Coefficients: Quantitative Information 138

Flow Past a Flat Plate 141

Flow in a Circular Tube 146

Liquid Metal Flow in a Circular Tube 147

Convection Across Cylinders 148

Microscopic Approach 155

References 159

10. Free Convection 161

Introduction 161

Key Dimensionless Numbers 162

Describing Equations 164

Environmental Applications 171

Lapse Rates 171

Plume Rise 173

References 176

11. Radiation 177

Introduction 177

Energy and Intensity 180

Radiant Exchange 183

Kirchoff's Law 184

Emissivity Factors 189

View Factors 196

References 200

12. Condensation and Boiling 201

Introduction 201

Condensation Fundamentals 203

Phase Equilibrium 205

Psychrometric Chart 207

Steam Tables 208

Condensation Principles 209

Boiling Fundamentals 215