- Contents.- Morphology of Cancer Cells.- I : General Morphology of Cancer Cells.- I. Morphology of Fixed Cancer Cells in Light Microscopy.- 1. The Interphase Nucleus.- a) Nuclear Size - Planimetry.- ?) Benign Cells.- ?) Cancer Cells.- b) Microcytophotometry.- ?) Ultraviolet Light Microcytophotometry.- ?) Visible Light Microcytophotometry.- ?) Fluorescence Cytophotometry.- c) Feulgen Microcytophotometry and Nuclear Size as a Reflection of Cell Karyotype.- ?) Benign Cells.- ?) Malignant Cells.- ?) Diploid or Near Diploid Cancers.- ?) Ploidy in Preinvasive Carcinoma (Carcinoma in Situ).- ?) Nuclear Size and Cell Ploidy.- d) Nuclear Shape.- ?) Changes in the Configuration of the Nuclear Membrane.- ?) Nuclear Protrusions in Cancer Cells.- e) Chromatin Patterns.- f) Heterochromatin.- g) Nuclear Hyperchromasia.- h) The Nuclear-Cytoplasmic (N:C) Ratio.- i) Multinucleation of Cancer Cells.- 2. The Nucleolus in Cancer Cells.- a) Origin of Nucleoli.- b) Number of Nucleoli.- c) Size of Nucleoli.- d) Shape of Nucleoli.- e) Nucleolar Abnormalities in Non-Cancerous Cells.- f) Isolation of Nucleoli.- 3. The Cytoplasm.- a) The Biochemical Bases of Cytoplasmic Function.- b) Morphologic Manifestations of Cytoplasmic Function in Light Microscopy.- c) Morphologic Demonstration of Cytoplasmic RNA and Proteins.- d) Size and Shape of the Cytoplasm.- e) Patterns of Growth of Cancer Cells.- f) Other Properties of the Cytoplasm of Cancer Cells.- g) Ultrastructural Aspects of the Cytoplasm of Cancer Cells.- II. Morphology of Cancer Cell in Vivo in Light Microscopy.- 1. Purpose.- a) Techniques.- b) Special Techniques - Three-Dimensional Systems.- 2. Cell Growth on Hard Surfaces.- a) Contact Inhibition.- b) Growth Potential of Benign and Malignant Cells in Culture.- c) Morphology of Cultured Cancer Cells.- d) Cytoplasmic Bridges.- 3. Ultrastructure of Cell Contacts in Monolayer Cultures.- 4. Transplantability of Cultured Cancer Cells.- 5. Morphologic Events During Malignant Transformation of Cultured Cells.- 6. Loss of Neoplastic Properties by Cultured Malignant Cells.- 7. Hybridization of Cancer Cells in Culture.- 8. Spontaneously Occurring Cancer Cell Cultures.- III. Interrelationship of Cancer Cells.- IV. Cancer Cell Membranes.- V. The Cell Cycle and Cancer.- 1. The Cell Cycle of Benign Cells.- ?) The G1 Phase.- ?) The S Phase.- ?) The G2 Phase.- ?) The D Phase.- a) Non Cycling Cells.- 2. Cell Cycle of Cancer Cells.- a) Cell Cycle of Human Cancer Cells.- VI. Mitosis in Cancer Cells.- 1. Quantitative Abnormalities of Mitosis.- 2. Qualitative Abnormalities of Mitosis.- a) Defects in Movement of Chromosomes.- ?) Non-disjunction.- ?) Chromosomal Lag.- b) Abnormalities of Mitotic Spindle.- c) Abnormalities of Individual Chromosomes.- 3. The Causes of Mitotic Abnormalities in Cancer.- 4. The Role of Centrioles in Abnormal Mitoses.- 5. Mitotic Abnormalities in Cultured Human Cancer Cells.- 6. Presence of Mitoses in Abnormal Location.- VII. Differentiation of Cancer Cells.- 1. Ultrastructural Studies of Cancer Cell Differentiation.- a) Human Cancers.- b) Cell Differentiation in Cultured Cancer Cells.- ?) Epithelial Cancer Cells.- ?) Melanoma.- ?) Other Tumors.- 2. Experimental Approaches to Cancer Cell Differentiation.- 3. Differentiation of Cancer Cells and Patterns of Growth.- II: Application of Cytologic Techniques to the Detection and Diagnosis of Human Cancer.- I. Morphology of Human Cancer Cells.- 1. General Principles.- 2. Recognition of Cancer Cells.- 3. Identification of Types of Cancer.- ?) Keratinizing Epidermoid (Squamous) Carcinomas.- ?) Other Epidermoid Carcinomas.- ?) Adenocarcinomas.- ?) Malignant Lymphomas.- ?) Identification of other Tumors According to Type and Origin.- II. Cytologic Detection of Clinically Occult Cancer and of Precancerous States.- III. The Uterine Cervix.- 1. Cellular and Histologic Changes Observed During Cancerogenesis of the Uterine Cervix.- a) Initial Events.- b) Secondary Events.- ?) Squamous Epithelium.- ?) Endocervical Epithelium.- c) Nomenclature and Biologic Significance of Precancerous Lesions of the Cervix.- 2. Invasive Epidermoid Cancer of the Uterine Cervix.- 3. Adenocarcinoma in Situ of the Uterine Cervix.- IV. Cytologic Findings in Early Cancer of other Organs of the Female Genital Tract.- a) Adenocarcinoma in Situ of the Endometrium.- b) Advanced Endometrial Carcinoma.- c) Tumors of Tubes and Ovaries.- V. The Respiratory Tract.- 1. Cytologic Diagnosis of Early Lung Cancer.- VI. The Lower Urinary Tract.- 1. Non-Papillary Carcinoma in Situ of the Bladder.- 2. Cytologic Follow-up of Patients with Treated Neoplasia of the Bladder.- 3. Cytology in the Handling of Patients Exposed to Bladder Carcinogens.- VII. Gastrointestinal Tract.- 1. The Esophagus.- 2. The Stomach.- VIII. Cytologic Detection of Early Carcinomas and Carcinomas in Situ of other Organs.- IX. Other Applications of Diagnostic Cytology.- 1. The Effusions.- 2. Spinal Fluid.- 3. Aspiration Biopsy.- X. Principal Errors in the Cytologic Diagnosis of Human Cancer.- Effect of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapeutic Agents.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Chromosomal Changes in Human Tumors and Leukemias.- I. Introduction.- II. Historical Aspects.- III. Methodologies.- 1. Chromosome Preparation of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes.- 2. Chromosome Preparation of Bone Marrow Cells.- 3. Chromosome Preparation of Cells from Effusions.- 4. Chromosome Preparation of Cells from Solid Tumors, Lymph Nodes, Spleens, etc.- 5. Autoradiography.- 6. Quinacrine Fluorescence Technique.- 7. Acetic/Alkaline - Giemsa - Banding Techniques.- 8. Concluding Remarks.- IV. The Normal Human Karyotype.- V. The Effects of Noxious Agents on the Human Karyotype.- 1. Effects of X-Rays and other Forms of Irradiation.- 2. Effects of Chemical Agents.- 3. Effects of Viruses.- VI. The Chromosomal Breakage Syndromes.- 1. Fanconi's Anemia.- 2. Bloom's Syndrome.- 3. Louis-Bar's Syndrome (Ataxia Telangiectasia).- VII. Congenital Chromosomal Anomalies and Neoplasia.- 1. Autosomal Anomalies.- a) Down's Syndrome (Mongolism).- b) Other Autosomal Trisomies.- c) Other Autosomal Anomalies.- 2. Sex Chromosome Anomalies.- a) XO Karyotype and its Variations (Gonadal Dysgenesis, Including Turner's Syndrome).- b) XXY and its Variants (Klinefelter's Syndrome).- c) XXX Syndrome.- d) Gonadal Dysgenesis without Chromosomal Changes.- e) XYY Males.- 3. Survey of Cancer Patients for Chromosomal Anomalies.- VIII. Leukemia.- 1. Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia and the Philadelphia (Ph1) Chromosome.- a) Definition of the Ph1.- b) Nature of the Ph1.- c) Pathogenetic Aspects of the Ph1 in CML and Related Disorders.- d) Clinical Implications of Chromosomal Findings in CML.- e) Ph1-Positive CML and the Missing Y-Chromosome.- f) Additional Chromosomal Changes in CML.- g) CML in Children.- h) Eosinophilic Leukemia.- i) Basophilic Leukemia.- j) Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase (LAP) and the Ph1.- k) Muramidase (Lysozyme) and the Ph1.- l) Ph1 in Hematopoietic Disorders other than CML.- m) Chromosomal Findings in the Blastic Phase of CML.- 2. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL).- 3. Acute Myeloblasts and Lymphoblastic Leukemia.- 4. Erythroleukemia (EL).- IX. Other MyeloproliferativeDisorders(Preleukemic and other Hematologic Conditions).- 1. Polycythemia Vera (PCV).- 2. Refractory Anemia.- 3. Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia with Myelofibrosis and/or Osteomyelosclerosis (MM).- 4. Idiopathic Thrombocythemia.- X. Megaloblastic Anemia.- XI. The Lymphomas.- 1. Hodgkin's Disease.- 2. Burkitt's Lymphoma.- 3. Reticulum-Cell Sarcoma, Lymphosarcoma, and Follicular Lymphoma.- XII. Plasma Cell Dyscrasias.- XIII. Solid Tumors and Metastatic Cancer.- 1. Benign Tumors.- a) Meningiomas.- b) Pituitary Adenomas.- c) Neurinomas.- 2. Other Benign Tumors without Chromosome Anomalies.- 3. Other Benign Tumorous Conditions with Chromosome Anomalies.- 4. Cancer : Primary and Metastatic.- XIV. Significance of Chromosomal Findings in Pre-Neoplastic Lesions with Special Em…