The appearance of Roman soldiers in the 3rd century AD has long been a matter of debate and uncertainty, largely thanks to the collapse of central control and perpetual civil war between the assassination of Severus Alexander in 235 and the accession of the great Diocletian in 284.

During those years no fewer than 51 men were proclaimed as emperors, some lasting only a few days. Despite this apparent chaos, however, the garrisons of the Western Provinces held together, by means of localized organization and the recruitment of 'barbarians' to fill the ranks. They still constituted an army in being when Diocletian took over and began the widespread reforms that rebuilt the Empire - though an Empire that their forefathers would hardly have recognized.
Fully illustrated with specially chosen colour plates, this book reveals the uniforms, equipment and deployments of Roman soldiers in the most chaotic years of the Empire.

Raffaele D'Amato, PhD, is the author of some 40 books and numerous articles on the military of Ancient Greece, the Roman Empire including Byzantium, and medieval Europe. He has taught at the University of Ferrara, and for two years as a visiting professor at Fatih University, Istanbul. He currently lives in England, working as an archaeological consultant and lawyer for Timeline Auctions Ltd of Harwich, and also as an external researcher for the Laboratory of the Danubian Provinces at the University of Ferrara.

Introduction: the collapse of unity between 235 and 285 AD. * Chronology. * Military organization of the Western Provinces. * Distribution of the army in the West, from the Severans to Diocletian: legiones, auxilia and numeri . * The garrison of Rome. * Evidence for arms, armour, equipment and clothing, province by province: Aquitania, Belgica, Britannia, Gallia Lugdunensis, Gallia Narbonensis, Germania Inferior, Germania Superior, Raetia, Noricum, Pannonia, Dlmatia, Tarraconensis, Baetica, Lusitania, Africa Procunsularis, Mauretania Tingitana, Mauretania Cesriensis, the Alpes, Italica, Sicilia, Sardinia and Corsica. * Select Bibliography. * Plate commentaries