Reflecting the progress in recent years, this book provides in-depth information on the preparation, chemistry, and engineering of bioceramic coatings for medical implants. It is authored by two renowned experts with over 30 years of experience in industry and academia, who know the potentials and pitfalls of the techniques concerned.
Following an introduction to the principles of biocompatibility, they present the structures and properties of various bioceramics from alumina to zirconia. The main part of the work focuses on coating technologies, such as chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel deposition and thermal spraying. There then follows a discussion of the major interactions of bioceramics with bone or tissue cells, complemented by an overview of the in-vitro testing methods of the biomineralization properties of bioceramics. The text is rounded off by chapters on the functionalization of bioceramic coatings and a look at future trends.
As a result, the authors bring together all aspects of the latest techniques for designing, depositing, testing, and implementing improved and novel bioceramic coating compositions, providing a full yet concise overview for beginners and professionals.
Autorentext
Robert B. Heimann is Professor (em.) of Applied Mineralogy and Materials Science, formerly at Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany. He received his scientific degrees from Freie Universität (FU) Berlin, Germany, and served as a research fellow at FU Berlin and the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. In 1979, he moved to Canada and worked as a research associate at the McMaster University, was visiting professor at the University of Toronto, and held various positions as senior researcher and manager in industry and government institutions. In 1993, he became Full Professor in Freiberg. Until his retirement in 2004, Professor Heimann has authored over 280 scientific publications including several books, was board member and chair of several scientific committees, and vice president and then president of the International Council for Applied Mineralogy (ICAM). In 2001, he was honored with the Georg-Agricola-Medal of the German Mineralogical Society (DMG).
Hans D. Lehmann is an organic chemist with an extensive working experience in polymer chemistry and polymer processing technology. He received his Diploma in chemistry from the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany, in 1962. He worked as a polymer chemist and team leader in production-related research at the chemical company VEB BUNA (now Dow Chemical and Styron Deutschland, respectively). He specialized in the development of polymerization catalysts, modeling of monomer and polymer syntheses as well as their processing technologies and analytics. Moreover, until Germany?s reunification Hans Dieter Lehmann was responsible for the coordination between academia, industry and government. Since 1994 he worked as a consultant for patent law and process concepts, and co-authored several patents related to structural and functional surface coatings
Inhalt
Preface XI
Glossary XVII
1 Bioceramics A Historical Perspective 1
1.1 Alumina 1
1.2 Zirconia 3
1.3 Calcium Phosphates 4
References 6
2 Socio-Economic Aspects and Scope of Bioceramic Materials and Biomedical Implants 11
2.1 Types of Biomaterial 11
2.2 The Growing Global and Regional Markets for Biomedical Implants 14
2.3 Role of Bioceramic Coatings in Arthroplasty 22
2.4 Ceramic Femoral Ball Heads 26
References 35
3 Fundamentals of Interaction of Bioceramics and Living Matter 41
3.1 Principle of Biocompatibility 41
3.2 Hierarchical Structure of Bone and Teeth 44
3.3 Bioceramic/Bone Interface 49
3.4 Basic Aspects of Biomineralisation 52
3.5 Interaction at a Cellular Level 53
3.6 Interaction at a Tissue Level 55
3.7 Advantages of Hydroxyapatite and Bioglass Coatings 60
3.8 The Promise of Cytokines 62
References 64
4 Structure and Properties of Bioceramics Used in Orthopaedic and Dental Implants 69
4.1 Bioinert Ceramics 69
4.2 Bioactive Ceramics 83
References 105
5 Technology of Coating Deposition 113
5.1 Overview 113
5.2 Non-Thermal Deposition Methods 115
5.3 Thermal Deposition Methods 172
5.4 Other Techniques 222
References 227
6 Deposition, Structure, Properties and Biological Function of Plasma-Sprayed Bioceramic Coatings 253
6.1 General Requirements and Performance Profile of Plasma-Sprayed Bioceramic Coatings 253
6.2 Structure and Biomedical Functions of Bioceramic Coatings 258
6.3 The Role of Bond Coats 283
References 298
7 Characterisation and Testing of Bioceramic Coatings 309
7.1 Phase Composition: X-ray Diffraction 310
7.2 Phase Composition: Vibrational (Infrared and Raman) Spectroscopy 314
7.3 Phase Composition: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 325
7.4 Phase Composition: Cathodoluminescence 333
7.5 Adhesion of Coatings to the Substrate 340
7.6 Residual Coating Stresses 358
7.7 Fundamentals of Roughness and Porosity 377
7.8 Microhardness 382
7.9 Potentiodynamic Polarisation and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) 387
7.10 Biological Performance Testing of Bioceramic Coatings 392
7.10.1 Composition of Simulated Body Fluids 393
7.10.2 Interaction of Simulated Body Fluids and Coatings 394
7.10.3 Cell Proliferation and Viability Tests 405
7.10.4 In vivo Testing of Bioceramic Coatings Using Animal Models 414
References 429
8 Future Developments and Outlook 445
References 451
Appendix: Relevant Scientific Journals/Book Series with Bioceramic Content 455
Index 459