Fundamentals of Analytical Toxicology is an integrated introduction to the analysis of drugs, poisons, and other foreign compounds in biological and related specimens. Assuming only basic knowledge of analytical chemistry, this invaluable guide helps trainee analytical toxicologists understand the principles and practical skills involved in detecting, identifying, and measuring a broad range of compounds in various biological samples. Clear, easy-to-read chapters provide detailed information on topics including sample collection and preparation, spectrophotometric and luminescence techniques, liquid and gas-liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry including hyphenated techniques.

This new edition contains thoroughly revised content that reflects contemporary practices and advances in analytical methods. Expanding the scope of the 1995 World Health Organization (WHO) basic analytical toxicology manual, the text includes coverage of separation science, essential pharmacokinetics, xenobiotic absorption, distribution and metabolism, clinical toxicological and substance misuse testing, therapeutic drug monitoring, trace elements and toxic metals analysis, and importantly the clinical interpretation of analytical results.

• Focuses on analytical, statistical, and pharmacokinetic principles
• Describes basic methodology, including colour tests and immunoassay and enzyme-based assays
• Outlines laboratory operations, such as method validation, quality assessment, staff training, and laboratory accreditation
• Follows IUPAC nomenclature for chemical names and recommended International Non-proprietary Name (rINN) for drugs and pesticides
• Includes discussion of 'designer drugs' (novel pharmaceutical substances NPS)

Fundamentals of Analytical Toxicology: Clinical and Forensic, 2nd Edition is an indispensable resource for advanced students and trainee analytical toxicologists across disciplines, such as clinical science, analytical chemistry, forensic science, pathology, applied biology, food safety, and pharmaceutical and pesticide development.

Robert J Flanagan, Precision Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK, and Specialised Clinical Chemistry, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK.

EVA CUYPERS, Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands, and KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology, Belgium.

HANS H. MAURER, Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Saarland University, Germany.

ROBIN WHELPTON, Formerly School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, UK.

A practical, unified introduction to the basics of analytical toxicologya new, fully updated edition

Fundamentals of Analytical Toxicology is an integrated introduction to the analysis of drugs, poisons, and other foreign compounds in biological and related specimens. Assuming only basic knowledge of analytical chemistry, this invaluable guide helps trainee analytical toxicologists understand the principles and practical skills involved in detecting, identifying, and measuring a broad range of compounds in various biological samples. Clear, easy-to-read chapters provide detailed information on topics including sample collection and preparation, spectrophotometric and luminescence techniques, liquid and gas-liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry including hyphenated techniques.

This new edition contains thoroughly revised content that reflects contemporary practices and advances in analytical methods. Expanding the scope of the 1995 World Health Organization (WHO) basic analytical toxicology manual, the text includes coverage of separation science, essential pharmacokinetics, xenobiotic absorption, distribution and metabolism, clinical toxicological and substance misuse testing, therapeutic drug monitoring, trace elements and toxic metals analysis, clinical interpretation of analytical results, and more.

Written by a prominent team of experienced practitioners, this volume:

• Focuses on analytical, statistical, and pharmacokinetic principles
• Describes basic methodology, including colour tests and immunoassay and enzyme-based assays
• Outlines laboratory operations, such as method validation, quality assessment, staff training, and laboratory accreditation
• Follows IUPAC nomenclature for chemical names and recommended International Non-proprietary Name (rINN) for drugs and pesticides

Fundamentals of Analytical Toxicology: Clinical and Forensic, Second Edition is an indispensable resource for advanced students and trainee analytical toxicologists across disciplines, such as clinical science, analytical chemistry, forensic science, applied biology, food safety, and pharmaceutical and pesticide development.

Inhalt

Preface xxiii

Health and Safety xxv

Nomenclature, Symbols, and Conventions xxvii

Uniform Resource Locators xxix

Amount Concentration and Mass Concentration xxxi

Acknowledgements xxxiii

List of Abbreviations xxxv

Section A The Basics 1

1 Analytical Toxicology: Overview 3

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Modern analytical toxicology 4

1.3 Provision of analytical toxicology services 10

1.4 Applications of analytical toxicology 15

1.5 Summary 21

References 21

2 Sample Collection, Transport, and Storage 23

2.1 Introduction 23

2.2 Clinical samples and sampling 23

2.3 Guidelines for sample collection for analytical toxicology 32

2.4 Sample transport, storage, and disposal 45

2.5 Common interferences 47

2.6 Summary 48

References 48

3 Basic Laboratory Operations 52

3.1 Introduction 52

3.2 Aspects of quantitative analysis 58

3.3 Use of internal standards 74

3.4 Method comparison 78

3.5 Non-parametric statistics 80

3.6 Quality control and quality assessment 84

3.7 Operational considerations 89

3.8 Summary 91

References 91

4 Aspects of Sample Preparation 94

4.1 Introduction 94

4.2 Modes of sample preparation 97

4.3 Plasma protein binding 112

4.4 Hydrolysis of conjugated metabolites 115

4.5 Extraction of drugs from tissues 117

4.6 Summary 117

References 118

5 Colour Tests, and Spectrophotometric and Luminescence Techniques 120

5.1 Introduction 120

5.2 Colour tests in toxicology 120

5.3 Colour tests for pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs 122

5.4 UV/Visible spectrophotometry 123

5.5 Fluorescence and phosphorescence 134

5.6 Chemiluminescence 138

5.7 Infrared and Raman spectroscopy 141

5.8 Summary 143

References 143

6 Immunoassays and Related Assays 145

6.1 Introduction 145

6.2 Basic principles of competitive binding assays 145

6.3 Heterogeneous immunoassays 151

6.4 Homogenous immunoassays 155

6.5 Microparticulate and turbidimetric immunoassays 159

6.6 Assay calibration, quality control, and quality assessment 160

6.7 Interferences and assay failures 162

6.8 Aptamer-based assays 163

6.9 Enzyme-based assays 163

6.10 Summary 165

References 166

Section B Separation Science 167

7 Separation Science: Theoretical Aspects 169

7.1 General introduction 169

7.2 Theoretical aspects of chromatography 170

7.3 Measurement of analyte retention 179

7.4 Summary 181

References 181

8 Planar Chromat…