The Circuit Designer's Companion covers the theoretical aspects and practices in analogue and digital circuit design. Electronic circuit design involves designing a circuit that will fulfill its specified function and designing the same circuit so that every production model of it will fulfill its specified function, and no other undesired and unspecified function. This book is composed of nine chapters and starts with a review of the concept of grounding, wiring, and printed circuits. The subsequent chapters deal with the passive and active components of circuitry design. These topics are followed by discussions of the principles of other design components, including linear integrated circuits, digital circuits, and power supplies. The remaining chapters consider the vital role of electromagnetic compatibility in circuit design. These chapters also look into safety, design of production, testability, reliability, and thermal management of the designed circuit. This book is of great value to electrical and design engineers.

Tim Williams worked for a variety of companies as an electronic design engineer, before startinghis own consultancy specializing in EMC design and test advice and training. He has monitored the progress of the EMC Directive and its associated standards since it was first made public, over the last 25 years.

Introduction

Chapter 1 Grounding and Wiring


Grounding


Grounding Within One Unit


Chassis Ground


The Conductivity of Aluminum


Ground Loops


Power Supply Returns


Input Signal Ground


Output Signal Ground


Inter-Board Interface Signals


Star-Point Grounding


Ground Connections Between Units


Shielding


The Safety Earth


Wiring and Cables


Wire Types


Cable Types


Power Cables


Data and Multicore Cables


RF Cables


Twisted Pair


Crosstalk


Transmission Lines


Characteristic Impedance


Time Domain


Frequency Domain


Chapter 2 Printed Circuits


Board Types


Materials


Type of Construction


Choice of Type


Choice of Size


Design Rules


Track Width and Spacing


Hole and Pad Diameter


Track Routing


Ground and Power Distribution


Package Placement


Component Identification


Solder Resist


Terminations and Connections


Surface Protection


Guarding


Conformal Coating


Surface Mount


Surface Mount Design Rules


Sourcing Boards and Artwork


Artwork


Boards


Chapter 3 Passive Components


Resistors


Resistor Types


Tolerancing


Temperature Coefficient


Power


Inductance


Pulse Handling


Resistor Networks


Potentiometers


Trimmer Types


Panel Types


Pot Applications


Capacitors


Metallized Film & Paper


Multi-Layer Ceramics


Single Layer Ceramics


Electrolytics


Solid Tantalum


Capacitor Applications


Series Capacitors and dc Leakage


Dielectric Absorption


Self Resonance


Inductors


Permeability


Self-Capacitance


Inductor Applications


The Danger of Inductive Transients


Crystals


Resonance


Oscillator Circuits


Temperature


Chapter 4 Active Components


Diodes


Forward Bias


Reverse Bias


Leakage


High-Frequency Performance


Switching Times


Schottky Diodes


Zener Diodes


The Zener as a Clamp


Thyristors and Triacs


Thyristor Versus Triac


Triggering Characteristics


False Triggering


Conduction


Switching


Snubbing


Bipolar Transistors


Leakage


Saturation


The Darlington


Safe Operating Area


Gain


Switching and High Frequency Performance


Grading


Junction Field Effect Transistors


Pinch-Off


Applications


High Impedance Circuits


MOSFETs


Low-Power MOSFETs


VMOS Power FETs


Gate Drive Impedance


Switching Speed


On-State Resistance


Chapter 5 Linear Integrated Circuits


The Ideal Op-Amp


The Practical Op-Amp


Offset Voltage


Bias and Offset Currents


Common Mode Effects


Input Voltage Range


Output Parameters


AC Parameters


Slew Rate and Large Signal Bandwidth


Small-Signal Bandwidth


Settling Time


Uncompensated Op-Amps


The Oscillating Amplifier


Open-Loop Gain


Noise


Supply Current


Temperature Ratings


Cost and Availability


Comparators


Output Parameters


AC Parameters


Op-Amps as Comparators (and Vice Versa)


Hysteresis and Oscillations


Input Voltage Limits


Comparator Sourcing


Voltage References


Zener References


Band-Gap References


Reference Specifications


Chapter 6 Digital Circuits


Logic ICs


Noise Immunity and Thresholds


Fan-Out and Loading


Induced Switching Noise


Decoupling


Unused Gate Inputs


Interfacing


Mixing Analogue and Digital


Generating Digital Levels from Analogue Inputs


Protection Against Externally-Applied Overvoltages


Isolation


Data Interface Standards


Microprocessor Watchdogs and Supervision


The Threat of Corruption


Watchdog Design


Supervisor Design


Software Techniques


Input Data Validation and Averaging


Data and Memory Protection


Re-Initialization


Chapter 7 Power Supplies


General


The Linear Supply


The Switch-Mode Supply


Specifications


Off the Shelf Versus Roll Your Own


Input and Output Parameters


Voltage


Current


Fuses


Switch-On Surge


Waveform Distortion


Frequency


Efficiency


Deriving the Input Voltage from the Output


Low-Load Condition


Rectifier and Capacitor Selection


Load and Line Regulation


Ripple and Noise


Transient Response


Abnormal Conditions


Output Overload


Input Transients


Transient Suppressors


Overvoltage Protection


Turn-On and Turn-Off


Mechanical Requirements


Case Size and Construction


Heatsinking


Safety Approvals


Batteries


Initial Considerations


Primary Cells


Secondary Cells


Charging


Chapter 8 Electromagnetic Compatibility


The Need for EMC


Immunity

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