The search for alternative sources of energy to offset diminishing resources of easy and cost-effective fossil fuels has become a global initiative, and fuel generated from biomass is a leading competitor in this arena. Large-scale introduction of biofuels into the energy mix could contribute to environmentally and economicaly sustainable development on a global scale. The processes and methodologies presented in this volume will offer a cutting-edge and comprehensive approach to the production of biofuels, for engineers, researchers, and students.

Dr. Vikash Babu, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the
Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, India, where
he advises graduate students. He has received many professional
awards, published numerous articles for journals and international
conferences. His area of interest is industrial microbiology and
bioenergy. Recently, he was awarded a research project from DBT,
Govt. of India, for the production of bioplastics.

Dr. Ashish Thapliyal has over 15 years of research
experience and completed his PhD from HNB Garhwal University with a
University Grants Commission (UGC-India) fellowship. He has held
positions at National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, as well
as Utah State University. He has also been associated with Graphic
Era University (GEU), India, and helped in the establishment of the
Department of Biotechnology at GEU.

Dr. Girijesh Kumar Patel received his bachelor of science
degree in chemistry and botany and master of science in
biotechnology from Gorakhpur University in 2004. After completing
his PhD at the Indian Institute of Techology, he joined Graphic Era
University as an Assistant Professor in the Department of
Biotechnology. He has contributed several international research
papers and book chapters and is the official reviewer of many
international journals.

The most comprehensive and up-to-date treatment available of all aspects of biofuels production from biomass or waste material

With fossil fuels becoming more and more expensive and less accessible, alternative sources of energy are needed for our planet's growing energy needs. Biofuels are quickly becoming a cleaner, more economic, and more accessible energy source in many countries. Continued research into development of biofuel technologies and production methods is needed to enhance the role of biofuels as a global alternative to fossil fuels. Biofuels Production highlights the current ongoing progress relating to the development of second- and third-generation biofuels. A lot of attention has been focused on the first generation of biofuels, especially bio-ethanol, the most successful product. However, as production of ethanol occurs from sources used as food by humans, new substrates of biofuels are being searched. This book sheds light on the current issues surrounding second- and third-generation biofuels.

Biofuels Production:

• Covers all aspects of biofuels and their production methods
• Covers all updated protocols for biofuels production
• Offers the only comprehensive treatment of biofuels and their production, including biodiesel, bio-ethanol, bio-hydrogen, bio-methane, bio-butanol, and others as well as the microbes that have helped in the development of these biofuels
• Is suitable not only for the engineer working with biofuels, but also as a textbook for graduate students, post-doctoral students, and researchers

Biofuels Production also details the basic mechanisms underlying the formation of biofuels.

With an emphasis on the advancement of carefully planned biomass utilization schemes, biological waste treatment, the thermochemical conversion of biomass, liquid and gaseous biofuel production, and many emerging issues such as adapting to climate change, this book will provide a platform for developing existing techniques and policies for using biofuels in a sustainable manner. The aim of this book is to advance and disseminate knowledge in all areas of biofuel production to reduce environmental impact, while enhancing its economic viability and efficiency. Each chapter has been rigorously peer-reviewed by three or more experts before being accepted for publication.

READERSHIP:
Chemical engineers, petroleum engineers, process engineers, students of chemical engineering, biotechnology, petroleum engineering, agricultural biotechnology, applied microbiology, environmental biotechnology, and other areas.

Preface xvii

List of Contributors xix

1 Introduction to Biofuels 1
Pramod Kumar and Vikash Babu

1.1 Global Scenario of Biofuel Production and Economy 4

References 7

2 Advances in Biofuel Production 11
M.D. Berni, I.L. Dorileo, J.M. Prado, T. Forster-Carneiro and M.A.A. Meireles

2.1 Introduction 12

2.2 Advances in the Production of First, Second and Third Generation Biofuels 16

2.3 Future Trends of Biofuels Development 44

2.3 Conclusions 54

Acknowledgements 55

References 55

3 Processing of Biofuels 59
Divya Gupta, Ajeet Singh, Ashwani Sharma and Anshul Nigam

3.1 Introduction 59

3.2 Biodiesel from Algae 61

3.3 Cellulosic Ethanol 72

3.4 Syngas 78

3.5 Conclusion 80

References 80

4 Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Bioethanol Production 85
Virendra Kumar, Purnima Dhall, Rita Kumar and Anil Kumar

4.1 Introduction 86

4.2 Bioethanol Production Process 90

4.3 Genetic Engineering for Bioethanol Production 109

4.4 Future Perspective 111

References 112

5 Recent Progress on Microbial Metabolic Engineering for the Conversion of Lignocellulose Waste for Biofuel Production 119
Shubhangini Sharma, Reena, Anil Kumar and Pallavi Mittal

5.1 Introduction 120

5.2 Role of Genetic and Metabolic Engineering in Biofuel Production 122

5.3 Problems with Different Biofuels and Areas of Improvement 124

5.4 General Process of Metabolic Engineering 127

5.5 Metabolic Engineering in Different Microorganisms 133

5.6 Conclusion 141

References 142

6 Microbial Production of Biofuels 147
Panwar AS, Jugran J and Joshi GK

6.1 Introduction 147

6.2 Types of Biofuels Produced Through Microorganisms 149

6.3 Future Prospects and Conclusion 163

References 165

7 Microalgae in Biofuel Production-Current Status and Future Prospects 167
Navneet Singh Chaudhary

7.1 Introduction 168

7.2 Microalgae in Biofuel Production 170

7.3 Comparison of Cyanobacteria with Microalgae in Biofuel Production 171

7.4 Applications of Cyanobacteria and Microalgae in Biofuel Production 172

7.5 Selection of Microalgae for Biofuel Production 177

7.6 Cultivation of Microalgae for Production of Biofuel and Co-Products 179

7.7 Harvesting and Drying of Microalgae 181

7.8 Processing, Extraction and Separation of Microalgae 182

7.9 Biofuels and Co-Products from Microalgae 184

7.10 Challenges and Hurdles in Biofuel Production 192

7.11 Genetic and Metabolic Engineering of Microalgae for BiofuelBioenergy Production 198

7.12 Conclusion and Future Prospectus 204

References 206

8 Bioethanol Production Processes 211
Mohammad J. Taherzadeh, Patrik R. Lennartsson, Oliver Teichert and Håkan Nordholm

8.1 Introduction 211

8.2 Global Market for Bioethanol and Future Prospects 212

8.3 Overall Process of Bioethanol Production 213

8.4 Production o…